Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Freier Beitrag

Wechselwirkungen zwischen Arbeit, Persönlichkeit und psychischer Gesundheit

Vulnerabilitäts- und Resilienzfaktoren bei der Entstehung von Burnout und depressiven Symptomen bei Führungskräften

Published Online:September 12, 2016https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747/a000291

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Interaktionseffekte zwischen prämorbider Persönlichkeit und Arbeitsanforderungen in Verbindung mit Burnout und depressiven Symptomen. Durch dieses Vorgehen wird die Frage beantwortet, welchen Stellenwert das Zusammenspiel von Person und Umwelt im Hinblick auf die psychische Gesundheit für Führungskräfte hat. An der multizentrischen Studie beteiligten sich 252 Führungskräfte, die wegen Burnout bzw. depressiven Symptomen behandelt wurden. Die Analyse der Daten mittels (moderierter) hierarchischer Regressionsanalysen zeigt, dass prämorbider Neurotizismus den positiven Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitsanforderungen und depressiven Symptomen verstärkt. Prämorbide Frustrationstoleranz hingegen schwächt diesen Zusammenhang ab. Für Burnout finden sich keine signifikanten Effekte. Die Studie zeigt somit auf, dass Persönlichkeitsmerkmale Einfluss darauf nehmen, wie häufig depressive Symptome erlebt werden und sogar die Zusammenhänge zwischen Arbeitsanforderungen und der psychischen Gesundheit beeinflussen können. Bei sehr hohen Arbeitsanforderungen treten trotz stressreduzierender Persönlichkeitsmerkmale starke gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen auf. Dies unterstreicht die Bedeutung sowohl von Arbeitsbedingungen als auch von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen bei der Entstehung von depressiven Symptomen.


Interactions between work, personality and psychological health: Vulnerability and resilience factors in the development of burnout and depressive symptoms among managers

Abstract. The present study examines interaction effects between premorbid personality, job demands, burnout and depressive symptoms. In doing so, we try to answer which role personal and environmental factors play for the psychological health of managers. 252 managers being treated for burnout or depressive symptoms participated in the multi-centric study in Germany. Results from moderated multiple regression analysis showed that premorbid neuroticism amplifies the positive relationship between job demands and depressive symptoms. In contrast, frustration tolerance weakens this relation. Surprisingly, no significant interaction effect was found with regard to burnout. The study reveals that personality factors might influence the development and perceived frequency of depressive symptoms. However, when job demands are high, depressive symptoms also evolve more frequently among individuals with a rather stress-protecting personality structure. Thus, results make clear that both personality factors and job demands are important factors for the development of depressive symptoms.

Literatur

  • Ahola, K. & Hakanen, J. J. (2007). Job strain, burnout, and depressive symptoms: A prospective study among dentists. Journal of Affective Disorders , 104 , 103–110. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Aiken, L. S. & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions . Newbury Park, CA: Sage. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 79 , 549–562. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Alarcon, G. M. , Eschleman, K. J. & Bowling, N. A. (2009). Relationships between personality variables and burnout: A meta-analysis. Work & Stress , 23 , 244–263. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bagby, R. M. , Quilty, L. C. , Segal, Z. V. , McBride, C. C. , Kennedy, S. H. & Costa, P. T. J. (2008). Personality and differential treatment response in major depression: A randomized controlled trial comparing cognitivebehavioural therapy and pharmacotherapy. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 53 , 361–370. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bakker, A. B. , Boyd, C. M. , Dollard, M. F. , Gillespie, N. , Winefield, A. H. & Stough, C. (2010). The role of personality in the job demands-resources model A study of Australian academic staff. Career Development International , 15 , 622–636. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: state of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology , 22 , 309–328. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bakker, A. B. , Demerouti, E. & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD–R Approach. The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior , 1 , 389–411. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Becker, T. E. (2005). Potential Problems in the Statistical Control of Variables in Organizational Research: A Qualitative Analysis With Recommendations. Organizational Research Methods , 8 , 274–289. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Best, R. G. , Stapleton, L. M. & Downey, R. G. (2005). Core Self-Evaluations and Job Burnout: The Test of Alternative Models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 10 , 441–451. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bianchi, R. , Schonfeld, I. S. & Laurent, E. (2015). Burnout-depression overlap: A review. Clinical Psychology Review , 36 , 28–41. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Busch, C. & Steinmetz, B. (2002). Stressmanagement und Führungskräfte. Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung , 33 , 385–401. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Büssing, A. & Glaser, J. (1998). Managerial Stress und Burnout A Collaborative International Study (CISMS) München: TUM. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Clark, L. A. (2005). Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 114 , 505–521. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Glaser, J. & Herbig, B. (2012). Burnout – Folge schlechter Arbeit oder anfälliger Personen? Persönlichkeitsstörungen , 16 , 134–142. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gregersen, S. , Kuhnert, S. , Zimber, A. & Nienhaus, A. (2011). Führungsverhalten und Gesundheit – Zum Stand der Forschung. Gesundheitswesen , 73 , 3–12. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hakanen, J. J. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders , 141 , 415–424. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hakanen, J. J. , Schaufeli, W. B. & Ahola, K. (2008). The Job Demands-Resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work & Stress , 22 , 224–241. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the New Millennium. Communication Monographs , 76 , 408–420. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Klein, D. N. , Kotov, R. & Bufferd, S. J. (2011). Personality and Depression: Explanatory Models and Review of the Evidence. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , 7 , 269–295. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kotov, R. , Gamez, W. , Schmidt, F. & Watson, D. (2010). Linking “Big” Personality Traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin , 136 , 768–821. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1986). Cognitive theories of stress and the issue of circularity. In M. A. R. Trumbull (Ed.), Dynamics of stress (pp. 63–80). New York: Plenum. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Löwe, B. , Spitzer, R. L. , Zipfel, S. & Herzog, W. (2002). PHQ-D Manual ( Vol. 2 ): Pfizer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Nieuwenhuijsen, K. , Bruinvels, D. & Frings-Dresen, M. (2010). Psychosocial work environment and stress-related disorders, a systematic review. Occupational Medicine , 60 , 277–286. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Nübling, M. , Stößel, U. , Hasselhorn, H.-M. , Michaelis, M. & Hofmann, F. (2005). Methoden zur Erfassung psychischer Belastungen: Erprobung eines Messinstruments (COPSOQ) . Dortmund/Berlin/Dresden: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pierce, J. L. & Gardner, D. G. (2004). Self-Esteem Within the Work and Organizational Context: A review of the organization-based self-esteem literature. Journal of Management , 30 , 591–622. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Podsakoff, P. M. , MacKenzie, S. B. & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It. Annual Review of Psychology , 63 , 539–569. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods , 40 , 879–891. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Richter, P. , Hemmann, E. , Merboth, H. , Fritz, S. , Hansgen, C. & Rudolf, M. (2000). Das Erleben von Arbeitsintensität und Tätigkeitsspielraum – Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur orientierenden Analyse (FIT). Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie , 44 , 129–139. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software , 48 , 2–36. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Salmela-Aro, K. , Aunola, K. & Nurmi, J.-E. (2008). Trajectories of depressive symptoms during emerging adulthood: Antecedents and consequences. European Journal of Developmental Psychology , 5 , 439–465. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schutte, N. , Toppinen, S. , Kalimo, R. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey (MBI-GS) across occupational groups and nations. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology , 73 , 53–66. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Semmer, N. (2003). Individual Differences, Work Stress and Health. In M. J. Schabracq, J. A. M. Winnubst & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The Handbook of Work & Health Psychology ( Vol. 2 , pp. 73–93). San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Siemsen, E. , Roth, A. & Oliveira, P. (2010). Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organizational Research Methods , 13 , 456–476. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Skakon, J. , Kristensen, T. S. , Christensen, K. B. , Lund, T. & Labriola, M. (2011). Do managers experience more stress than employees? Results from the Intervention Project on Absence and Wellbeing (IPAW) study among Danish managers and their employees. Work , 38 , 103–109. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Theorell, T. , Hammarström, A. , Aronsson, G. , Bendz, L. T. , Grape, T. , Hogstedt, C. , … Hall, C. (2015). A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and depressive symptoms. BMC Public Health , 15 , 1–14. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Uehara, T. , Sakado, K. , Sakado, M. , Sato, T. & Someya, T. (1999). Relationship between Stress Coping and Personality in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 68 , 26–30. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ulich, E. (2005). Arbeitspsychologie . Zürich und Stuttgart: vdf/Schäffler-Poeschel. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Van den Broeck, A. , Cuyper, N. D. & De Witte, H. (2010). Not all job demands are equal: Differentiating job hindrances and job challenges in the Job Demands–Resources model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 19 , 735–759. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Van Yperen, N. W. & Snijders, T. A. B. (2000). A multilevel analysis of the demands-control model: Is stress at work determined by factors at the group level or the individual level? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 5 , 182–190. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wegge, J. , Shemla, M. & Haslam, C. (2014). Leader behavior as a determinant of health at work: Specification and evidence of five key pathways. German Journal of Research in Human Resource Management , 28 , 6–23. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Xanthopoulou, D. , Bakker, A. B. , Demerouti, E. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The Role of Personal Resources in the Job Demands-Resources Model. International Journal of Stress Management , 14 , 121–141. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Xanthopoulou, D. , Bakker, A. B. , Demerouti, E. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 74 , 235–244. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zaudig, M. , Berberich, G. & Konermann, J. (2012). Persönlichkeit und Burnout – eine Übersicht. Persönlichkeitsstörungen , 16 , 75–84. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zerssen, D. v. & Petermann, F. (2012). Münchner Persönlichkeitstest (MPT) . Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zhao, X. , Lynch, J. G. J. & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Anaiysis. Journal of Consumer Research , 37 , 197–206. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zimber, A. , Hentrich, S. , Bockhoff, K. , Wissing, C. & Petermann, F. (2015). Wie stark sind Führungskräfte psychisch gefahrdet? Eine Literaturübersicht zu Gesundheitsrisiken und arbeitsbezogenen Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie , 23 , 123–140. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar