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Themenschwerpunkt

Die Assoziation sexueller Orientierung mit dem Körperbild, Essstörungen und der Körperdysmorphen Störung bei Männern

Published Online:December 20, 2018https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747/a000368

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Dieses Review stellt bisherige Kernbefunde und Trends hinsichtlich Unterschieden zwischen homosexuellen (HoM) und heterosexuellen Männern (HeM) im Körperbild entlang dessen drei Komponenten perzeptiv, kognitiv-affektiv und behavioral zusammenfassend dar. Außerdem wird ein vergleichender Überblick über die Auftretenshäufigkeit sowie Symptomatik von Essstörungen (ES) und der Körperdysmorphen Störung (KDS) gegeben. HoM weisen im Vergleich zu HeM kein insgesamt negativeres Körperbild, sondern negativere Ausprägungen auf einzelnen Facetten auf. Die Männer scheinen sich nicht in der Wahrnehmung des eigenen Körpers und der Diskrepanz zwischen tatsächlichem und idealem Körper zu unterscheiden. Bezüglich der Präferenz eines schlanken Körperideals liegen Inkonsistenzen vor. HoM zeigen im Selbstbericht eine höhere Ausprägung in Körperunzufriedenheit und Schlankheitsstreben als HeM. Hinsichtlich der Häufigkeit von Sportverhalten liegt ein inkonsistentes Bild vor, HoM berichten jedoch tendenziell ein stärkeres Vermeidungs- und Kontrollverhalten. Im Muskulositätsstreben scheinen sich die Männer nicht zu unterscheiden. Es kann nicht eindeutig davon ausgegangen werden, dass sich HoM und HeM in der Häufigkeit von ES voneinander unterscheiden, jedoch scheinen keine Häufigkeitsunterschiede bezüglich KDS zu bestehen. Demgegenüber liegt bei HoM tendenziell eine schwerere ES- und KDS-Symptomatik vor. Für eine umfassendere Sichtweise auf das Körperbild von und die Psychopathologie von ES und KDS bei HoM und HeM sowie individuellere Gestaltung von Interventionen, ist weitere Forschung notwendig. Diese sollte insbesondere wenig untersuchte Konstrukte wie Definiertheitsstreben, kognitive Verzerrungen, Investmentverhalten und Essanfälle sowie potenzielle mediierende Faktoren wie bspw. die Zugehörigkeit zur schwulen Community (inklusive Subgruppen) einschließen.


The Association between sexual orientation and body image, eating disorders, and body dysmorphic disorder in men

Abstract. This review summarizes core findings and trends regarding differences in perceptual, cognitive-affective and behavioral components of body image between homosexual (HOM) and heterosexual men (HEM). Furthermore, it provides a comparison of prevalences and symptoms of eating disorders (ED) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). There is no evidence for more negative body image in general in HOM compared to HEM. There are no differences in the way one's body is perceived and with regard to the discrepancy between the actual and ideal body. Further there are inconsistencies regarding group differences in preference for a thinner body type. However, HOM report greater body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. While there are inconsistencies concerning the difference in the frequency of exercising, HOM show stronger avoidance and checking behaviors. Findings regarding drive for muscularity show no difference between the men. Moreover, no clear conclusion can be drawn with regard to the prevalence of ED, and there is no difference in prevalence of BDD. Nevertheless, there seems to be a trend towards more severe ED and BDD symptoms in HOM. For a more comprehensive understanding of body image, ED and BDD psychopathology in HOM and HEM, and to develop individualized interventions, more research is needed. Of particular interest are constructs that have been neglected, e.g., drive for leanness, cognitive bias, investment in one's own body, binge eating, and potentially mediating factors, e.g., affiliation with the gay community (including subgroups).

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