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Originalia

Motorische Ungeschicklichkeit aus der Perspektive der Neurowissenschaft

Published Online:March 02, 2015https://doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010/a000087

Abstract

Motorische Ungeschicklichkeit (developmental coordination disorder, kurz DCD) ist eine häufige, jedoch wenig anerkannte Störung, deren Krankheitsursache noch unklar ist. DCD beeinträchtigt die Fähigkeit von Kindern, neue Bewegungen zu lernen und alltägliche Aufgaben zu erfüllen. Es wird angenommen, dass es sich dabei um eine pathologische Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems handelt. Eine Bestätigung dieser Hypothese durch bildgebende Verfahren steht noch aus. Der Artikel fasst die vorliegenden Daten aus Studien mit bildgebenden Verfahren wie der funktionellen Magnetresonanztomographie und der Diffusions-Tensor-Bildgebung zu Unterschieden zwischen Kindern mit und ohne DCD zusammen. Es zeichnen sich drei Hauptergebnisse ab: (1) Kinder mit DCD aktivieren während motorischer Aufgaben andere Gehirnareale als sich normal entwickelnde Kinder, (2) Kinder mit DCD zeigen geringere Aktivierungen in Gehirnregionen, die mit dem motorischen Lernen assoziiert sind als sich normal entwickelnde Kinder, (3) Kinder mit DCD weisen mikrostrukturelle Veränderungen in der Integrität von motorischen und sensorischen Bahnen auf. Weitere bildgebende Studien werden unser Verständnis über die neurobiologischen Grundlagen von DCD zunehmend verbessern und dürften so unsere Vorstellungen über die Ursachen der Störung weiter voranbringen. So könnte klar werden, wie rehabilitative Interventionen geplant werden müssen, um die motorischen Defizite, die durch DCD hervorgerufen werden, zu lindern oder gar zu beseitigen.


Developmental coordination disorder: Insights from neuroimaging

Developmental coordination disorder is a common but seldomly recognized motor disorder of unknown etiology that affects a child's ability to learn motor skills and perform daily activities. Central nervous system pathology is suspected, but, until recently, no neuroimaging studies had been conducted to confirm this hypothesis. This article summarizes the neuroimaging evidence to date, including functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging studies of children with and without DCD. Three key findings have emerged: (1) children with DCD activate different brain regions than children with typical development during motor performance; (2) children with DCD under-activate brain regions associated with motor learning relative to children with typical development; and (3) children with DCD show altered microstructural integrity of motor and sensory pathways. Further neuroimaging research will expand our understanding of the neurobiology of DCD, which may inform our thinking of possible causes of the disorder and how to best design rehabilitation interventions to ameliorate or overcome the motor difficulties associated with DCD.

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