Abstract
Abstract. The Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST; De Houwer, 2003) has been introduced as an indirect measure of automatic activation of valence. EAST effects provide nonrelative valence measures of single stimuli compared to relative measures (e.g., Implicit Association Test) that imply a comparison between two stimuli or concepts. However, EAST effects can be biased by response tendencies. A multinomial process dissociation model of EAST performance is proposed and successfully validated in four experiments. Its parameters provide pure and unbiased measures of automatic valence activation, controlled processing of task-relevant features, and response tendency. A first application of latent-class hierarchical multinomial models reveals a significant amount of parameter heterogeneity resulting from interindividual differences in accuracy motivation.
References
(1999). Theoretical and empirical review of multinomial process tree modeling. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 6, 57– 86
(2002). Automatic integration of nonperceptual action effect features: The case of the associative affective Simon effect. Psychological Research, 66, 166– 173
(2001). How do indirect measures of evaluation work? Evaluating the inference of prejudice in the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 760– 773
(2002). Aufmerksamkeits-Belastungs-Test [The D2 Test of Attention] (9th ed.). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
(1995). Toward unbiased measurement of conscious and unconscious memory processes within the process dissociation framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 137– 160
(2005). Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The quad model of implicit task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 469– 487
(2001). A structural and process analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 443– 451
(2003). The extrinsic affective Simon task. Experimental Psychology, 50, 77– 85
(2001). On the generality of the affective Simon effect. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 189– 206
(1998). An affective variant of the Simon paradigm. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 45– 62
(1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229– 238
(1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464– 1480
Eds. (1994). Handbuch deutschsprachiger Wortnormen [Handbook of German word norms]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
(1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513– 541
(2004). Measuring self-esteem using the Implicit Association Test: The role of the other. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 22– 34
(2006). Hierarchical multinomial processing tree models: A latent-class approach. Psychometrika, 71, 1– 31
(2005). Task-set inertia, attitude accessibility, and compatibility-order effects: New evidence for a task-set switching account of the Implicit Association Test effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 208– 217
(2005). International affective picture system (IAPS): Digitized photographs, instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical Report A-6, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
(2003). Method-specific variance in the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 1180– 1192
(2001). Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 181– 192
(1998). Modeling response times for two-choice decisions. Psychological Science, 9, 347– 356
(2001). Figure-ground asymmetries in the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 94– 106
(2004). Underlying processes in the Implicit Association Test: Dissociating salience from associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 139– 165
(in press). HMMTree: A computer program for hierarchical multinomial processing tree models. Behavior Research Methods.
(2003). Estimating the valence of single stimuli: A new variant of the affective Simon task. Experimental Psychology, 50, 86– 96
(1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151– 175
