Signal Detection and Threshold Models of Source Memory
Abstract
Recently, several authors claimed that the curvilinear shape of rating-based source memory receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) refutes threshold models. However, rating-based ROCs are not diagnostic to disprove threshold models. Furthermore, source memory ROC-analyses ignore influences of other processes like old-new-detection and old-new-response-tendencies, so direct estimation of parameters is preferable. Five source monitoring experiments with different response bias manipulations and materials were conducted. We fitted the Two High Threshold Multinomial Model of Source Monitoring by Bayen, Murnane, and Erdfelder (1996) and the Multivariate Signal Detection Model for Selection by DeCarlo (2003). We also included rating-based ROCs. The results suggest that both models are at least equally valid as measurement tools which capture bias processes in the corresponding parameters, and they can perhaps be integrated theoretically.
References
2000). Recognition and source memory as multivariate decision processes. Psychological Science, 11, 271–277.
(1990). Multinomial processing models of source monitoring. Psychological Review, 97, 548–564.
(1999). Theoretical and empirical review of multinomial process tree modeling. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 57–86.
(1996). Source discrimination, itemdetection, and multinomial models of source monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 197–215.
(2007). Measuring source memory. Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 215, 52–60.
(2007). Utilization of covariation knowledge in source monitoring: No evidence for implicit processes. Psychological Research, 71, 524–538.
(2009). Recognition ROCs are curvilinear – Or are they? On premature arguments against the two-high-threshold model of recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 587–606.
(2002). Brain activity underlying encoding and retrieval of source memory. Cerebral Cortex, 12, 1047–1056.
(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(2003). Source monitoring and multivariate signal detection theory, with a model for selection. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 47, 292–303.
(2000). Differential effects of cue dependency on item and source memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1023–1044.
(2008). Testing a neurocomputational model of recollection, familiarity, and source recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 752–768.
(1998). Process-dissociation measurement models: Threshold theory or detection theory?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 83–97.
(1995). Interaction of stimulus attributes, base rates and feedback in recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 1075–1095.
(2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191.
(2004). Six regularities of source recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 1176–1195.
(2008). Do young and older adults rely on different processes in source memory tasks? A neuropsychological study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 809–822.
(1994). Handbuch deutschsprachiger Wortnormen
([Handbook of German word norms] . Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.2008). Toward a complete decision model of item and source recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 889–905.
(1978). The effects of payoffs and prior probabilities on indices of performance and cut-off location in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 6, 544–553.
(2000). Cross-modal source monitoring confusions between perceived and imagined events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 321–335.
(2002). Regularities of source recognition: ROC analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 494–510.
(1991). Statistical inference program for multinomial binary tree models (Version 1.0)
([Computer program] . Irvine, CA: University of California.1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3–28.
(1994). Comments on Batchelder and Riefer’s multinomial model for source monitoring. Psychological Review, 101, 166–171.
(2005). Threshold nonlinearities and signal detection theory. Perception, 34, 941–946.
(2010). Toward a complete decision model of item and source memory: A discrete-state approach. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 465–478.
(1969). Threshold theories of signal detection. Psychological Review, 76, 308–324.
(2008). Perceptual difficulty in source memory encoding and retrieval: Prefrontal versus parietal electrical brain activity. Neuropsychologia, 46, 2243–2257.
(1970). Memory and the theory of signal detection. Psychological Bulletin, 74, 100–109.
(1963). A threshold theory for simple detection experiment. Psychological Review, 70, 61–79.
(2005). Detection theory: A user’s guide (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
(2002). On the form of ROCs constructed from confidence ratings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 380–387.
(2006). The influence of averaging and noisy decision strategies on the recognition memory ROC. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 99–105.
(2005). A primer of signal detection theory. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
(2005). A hierarchy of multinomial models for multidimensional source monitoring. Methodology, 1, 2–17.
(2002). Memory for multidimensional source information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 116–137.
(2004). Cognitive processes in stereotype formation: The role of correct contingency learning for biased group judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 599–614.
(2009). Recollection is a continuous process. Implications for dual-process theories of recognition memory. Psychological Science, 11, 1–7.
(2006). A homeostatic rule for inhibitory synapses promotes temporal sharpening and cortical reorganization. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 16526–16531.
(2010). multiTree: A computer program for the analysis of multinomial processing tree models. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 42–54.
(2008). Decision noise: An explanation for observed violations of signal detection theory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 465–494.
(1996). An evaluation of empirical measures of source identification. Memory & Cognition, 24, 417–428.
(1996–2006). E-Prime (version 1.2) [Computer software]. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.
(2001). Source ROCs are (typically) curvilinear: Comment on Yonelinas (1999). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 1110–1115.
(2006). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing Retrieved from www.Rproject.org.
. (2007). On the dynamic nature of response criterion in recognition memory: Effects of base rate, awareness, and feedback. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 305–320.
(1999). AppleTree: A multinomial processing tree modeling program for Macintosh computers. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 696–700.
(1978). Estimating the dimensions of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–464.
(2009). Superadditive memory strength for item and source recognition: The role of hierarchical relational binding in the medial temporal lobe. Psychological Review, 116, 1–19.
(2005). Support for a continuous (single-process) model of recognition memory and source memory. Memory & Cognition, 33, 151–170.
(2000). An analysis of signal detection and threshold models of source memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1499–1517.
(1988). Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 34–50.
(1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 174–215.
(2005). Source dimensions are retrieved independently in multidimensional monitoring tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31, 1213–1220.
(2007). HMMTree: A computer program for latent-class hierarchical multinomial processing tree models. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 267–273.
(2000). ROC curves and confidence judgments in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 582–600.
(2004). Response reversals in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 1147–1166.
(2007). Independent retrieval of source dimensions: An extension of results by Starns and Hicks (2005) and a comment on the ACSIM measure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 443–450.
(2002). Elementary signal detection theory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
(2007). Dual-process theory and signal-detection theory of recognition memory. Psychological Review, 114, 152–176.
(1999). Recognition memory ROCs and the dual-process signal – detection model: Comment on Glanzer, Kim, Hilford, and Adams (1999). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 514–521.
(2007). Receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) in recognition memory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 800–832.
(