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Themenschwerpunkt

ADHS bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen

Published Online:June 24, 2015https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747/a000239

Abstract

Das Jugendalter von 16 bis 21 Jahren geht mit spezifischen Entwicklungsaufgaben und Risiken einher. Jugendliche mit ADHS sind durch ihre Hyperaktivität, Impulsivität und Unaufmerksamkeit besonders vulnerabel für eine ungünstige Entwicklung. Eine Literaturanalyse zeigt, dass Substanzmissbrauch und Delinquenz besonders häufig als spezifische Risiken für Jugendliche mit ADHS erforscht werden. Weitere risikobelastete Entwicklungsaufgaben für Jugendliche mit ADHS sind: Autonomie von den Eltern, Einstieg in das Ehe- und Familienleben, Aufbau von Freundschaften, Berufseinstieg, Akzeptieren der körperlichen Erscheinung. Entwicklungsaufgaben, die schon erfolgreich angegangen wurden, können eine schützende oder kompensatorische Wirkung haben und als Ressource genutzt werden. Für Betroffene die im jungen Erwachsenenalter erstmalig einen Psychiater aufsuchen, stellt eine spät erstellte ADHS-Diagnose eine besondere Problematik dar. Bei Betroffenen, die schon in der Kindheit eine ADHS-Diagnose erhalten haben, muss die weitere Behandlung trotz teilweise geringer Compliance bewerkstelligt werden. Unabhängig vom Zeitpunkt der Diagnose sind Jugendliche mit ADHS besonders vulnerabel und benötigen im Übergang von der kinder- in die erwachsenenpsychiatrische Behandlung eine gute Strukturierung und engmaschige Unterstützung bei der Bewältigung zentraler Entwicklungsaufgaben.


ADHD in adolescents and young adults

Adolescence (16 to 21 years) is accompanied by new developmental tasks and risks. Due to their hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention adolescents with ADHD are vulnerable for adverse development. An analysis of the literature shows that substance abuse and delinquency are the themes most often researched in adolescents with ADHD. Other developmental tasks that are risky for adolescents with ADHD are: developing independence from parents, starting marriage and family life, friendships with peers, starting a career, and accepting one’s physique. Developmental tasks that have been accomplished successfully can be protective or compensatory and could be used as a resource. For young adults with ADHD who seek help of a psychiatrist for the first time, diagnosing ADHD is the challenge. For adolescents who received a diagnosis of ADHD in childhood the main problem is the continuation of care, albeit low compliance in some cases. Independent of the timing of the diagnosis adolescents with ADHD are vulnerable. They need assistance in the transition from child to adult mental health service and structured support to accomplish important developmental tasks of adolescence.

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