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Übersichtsarbeit

Das plastische Hirn

Published Online:October 07, 2014https://doi.org/10.1024/2235-0977/a000080

Abstract

Einer der herausragenden Befunde der neurowissenschaftlichen Forschung in den letzten 25 bis 30 Jahren ist die Entdeckung der enormen Formbarkeit des menschlichen Gehirns. Diese Plastizität des Gehirns äußert sich in der strukturellen und funktionellen Plastizität des Gehirns. Unter der funktionellen Neuroplastizität versteht man erfahrungsbedingte neurophysiologische Aktivitätsveränderungen innerhalb von neuronalen Netzwerken, während die strukturelle Neuroplastizität die erfahrungsbedingte morphologische Veränderung des Gehirns beschreibt. Im Rahmen dieses Übersichtsartikels werden – nach einer historischen Einordnung der Plastizitätsforschung – die wesentlichen Befunde dieser Forschungsrichtung kurz dargestellt. Anschließend werden die Konsequenzen dieser neuen Forschungsrichtung für die Grundlagenforschung aber auch für die Reha-Forschung und die Suche nach Optimierungsmöglichkeiten des gesunden Gehirns diskutiert.


The Plastic Human Brain

One of the most important findings of recent neuroscientific research is the discovery of the plastic nature of the human brain. Brain plasticity happens on the structural and/or functional level. Functional plasticity describes the learning- and experience-dependent changes in neurophysiological activity while structural plasticity refers to the learning- and experience-dependent morphological changes of the human brain. In this short review paper I summarize basic findings and principles of plasticity research. I will discuss modern plasticity research in the context of the historical developments of this research line. Finally, the consequences for therapy, rehabilitation, education and the general view on human behavior will be discussed.

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