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Originalia

Gesundheitsrisiken bei Unternehmern

Published Online:July 22, 2008https://doi.org/10.1026/0932-4089.52.3.115

Abstract

An einer Studie zum Zusammenhang zwischen der Gesundheit von Unternehmern, deren Arbeitsmerkmalen und deren Erfolg nahmen 53 klein- und mittelständische Unternehmer teil. Erfasste Arbeitsmerkmale waren: Handlungs-/Entscheidungsspielraum, Arbeitsintensität, Arbeitszeit, Konkurrenzdruck und Prognose über die Auftragsentwicklung. Der Unternehmenserfolg wurde über das Mitarbeiterwachstum, die Möglichkeit des Unternehmers, von seiner Firma abwesend zu sein (Urlaubstage), und dem erlebten Unternehmenserfolg operationalisiert. Gesundheitsindikatoren waren Depression, Angst, vitale Erschöpfung, Schlafstörungen und Bluthochdruck. Im Vergleich zur Gesamtbevölkerung wiesen die Unternehmer in allen untersuchten Gesundheitsvariablen häufiger Beeinträchtigungen auf. Regressionsanalysen ergaben, dass lange Arbeitszeiten und Konkurrenzdruck mit einer verzögerten Rückstellung des systolischen Blutdrucks (SBD) in der Freizeit und Nacht einhergingen. Alle untersuchten Erfolgsmerkmale waren für die Gesundheit prädiktiv. So war Mitarbeiterwachstum negativ mit dem SBD während der Arbeit sowie Schlafstörungen assoziiert. Je mehr Unternehmenserfolg erlebt wurde, desto geringer waren die Werte für vitale Erschöpfung und Depression. Die Urlaubsdauer war negativ mit Angst und vitaler Erschöpfung korreliert. Insgesamt hatte von den Arbeitsmerkmalen nur die Dauer der Arbeitszeit einen Effekt auf die Gesundheit von Unternehmern. Daneben existieren aber offensichtlich weitere Faktoren, die mit der Unternehmergesundheit in Beziehung stehen. Dies sind neben dem Konkurrenzdruck am Markt insbesondere Indikatoren des Unternehmenserfolgs.


Health risks of entrepreneurs

The relationship between health and workload as well as entrepreneurial success was analyzed in 53 entrepreneurs. Workload data (decision latitude, job demand, working time, competition, market development) were determined by using structured interviews and Karasek's job content questionnaire. Firm success was operationalized by employee growth, the possibility of absence from the company (days of holiday), and perceived success. Health was measured by questionnaires for sleep disturbances, vital exhaustion, depression, and anxiety, and by 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Regression analyses showed that working time and strength of competition within the market were predictive for systolic blood pressure (SBP) during leisure time and night, but not during work. All variables measuring entrepreneurial success were predictive for health. Employee growth was related to decreasing SBP during work and to fewer sleep disturbances. The duration of holidays was negatively related to vital exhaustion and anxiety. Perceived company success was negatively related to depression and vital exhaustion. In conclusion, only the relationship between working time and bad health conformed to findings reported for the relationship between work and health in employees. However, there were additional indicators, especially indicators of competition and entrepreneurial success, that affected the health of entrepreneurs.

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