Das Asperger Syndrom. Eine aktuelle Übersicht
Abstract
Zusammenfassung Das Asperger-Syndrom (AS) ist gekennzeichnet durch eine ausgeprägte Kontakt- und Kommunikationsstörung, die meist im Vorschulalter evident wird, sowie durch eine qualitative Beeinträchtigung des Interaktionsverhaltens, mangelndes Einfühlungsvermögen, motorische Auffälligkeiten und (inkonstant) ausgeprägte Sonderinteressen. Es wird zu den tiefgreifenden Entwicklungsstörungen gerechnet. Als Ursache werden genetische Faktoren angenommen im Verein mit umschriebenen Hirnfunktionsstörungen und neuropsychologischen Ausfällen, die alle auf eine Einschränkung nonverbalen Lernens hinweisen, wobei sich das Intelligenzniveau meist im Normbereich bewegt. Die Behandlung stützt sich auf verhaltenstherapeutische Vorgehensweisen zur Einübung sozialer Fertigkeiten sowie die angemessene schulische Förderung und Beschäftigung, unter Berücksichtigung der individuellen Besonderheiten des Einzelfalles. Eine medikamentöse Behandlung kann angezeigt sein, wenn besondere Symptome wie Hyperaktivität und Unruhe, aggressives Verhalten, Schlafstörungen oder depressive Verstimmungen auftreten.
Summary Asperger's Syndrome (AS) is a pervasive developmental disorder that manifets itself at preschool age. It is characterized by qualitative impairments of social interaction, deficits in empathy, motor disturbances, and restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities. A genetic etiology is assumed in context with brain dysfunctions and neuropsychological deficits which are all focused upon nonverbal learning, even though the general intellectual level is within the normal range. Treatment must take into account the individual aspects of each case and is based mainly on behavior therapy, group training of social skills, vocational training and adaptation, and if necessary, on medication. Medical treatment is indicated in the presence of special symptoms such as hyperactivity, aggressive behavior, sleep disorders, or depression.
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