Antisoziales Verhalten im Jugendalter: Entstehungsbedingungen und Verlaufsformen
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Ausmaß und Verbreitung von Gewalt und Delinquenz unter Kindern und Jugendlichen haben in den letzten 15 Jahren kontinuierlich zugenommen. Bei dem Bestreben, dieser Entwicklung entgegenzuwirken, können neuere Erkenntnisse der entwicklungspsychopathologischen und neurobiologischen Forschung wichtige Hilfestellung leisten. In einem Modell von Moffitt werden zwei Entwicklungswege antisozialer Verhaltensprobleme beschrieben, die sich hinsichtlich des Störungsbeginns und -verlaufs unterscheiden: ein Pfad, der durch eine frühzeitig einsetzende und über den Lebenslauf stabile Symptomatik charakterisiert ist (“life-course persistent”), sowie ein Pfad mit einem episodenhaften, auf das Jugendalter begrenzten Auftreten antisozialer Auffälligkeiten (“adolescence-limited”). Während im letzteren Fall die spezifischen Entwicklungsaufgaben und Lebensbedingungen Jugendlicher eine maßgebliche Rolle bei Entstehung und Verlauf spielen, entsteht persistentes antisoziales Verhalten als Resultat eines transaktionalen Prozesses zwischen Kind und Umwelt. Neben psychosozialen Faktoren kommt dabei biologischen Prädispositionen (genetische Belastung) und psychologischen Dispositionen (Temperaments- und Persönlichkeitsmerkmale) eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Wichtige Aufschlüsse über die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen versprechen die jüngsten Fortschritte der neurobiologischen und persönlichkeitspsychologischen Forschung. Die Integration beider Ansätze kann dazu beitragen, Maßnahmen der Prävention und Frühintervention zielgruppenorientierter auszurichten und damit wirkungsvoller zu gestalten.
Both the intensity and prevalence of violence and delinquency among children and adolescents have continued to rise during the past fifteen years. Efforts to counteract this development may benefit from recent evidence from developmental psychopathology and neurobiology. A model proposed by Moffitt describes two developmental pathways into antisocial problem behavior: one path characterized by an early onset and a stable course of symptoms (“life-course persistent”) and the other by an episodic (“adolescence-limited”) occurrence of antisocial behavior. While in the latter the specific developmental tasks and life circumstances of adolescence play a major role in the pathogenesis, persistent antisocial behavior is perceived to be a result of a transactional process between child and environment. Apart from psychosocial factors, biological predispositions (genetic susceptibility) and psychological dispositions (temperament and personality characteristics) are of primary interest. The recent progress in neurobiological and personality research promises significant insights into the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. Integrating these approaches may help in targeting prevention and early intervention programs to high-risk groups and may thus contribute to improving their effectiveness.
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