Gamma-Aktivität
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Aufgrund ihrer niedrigen Amplitude wird die Bedeutung hochfrequenter EEG-Oszillationen für die Psychopathologie gegenüber niederfrequenten aber höheramplitudigen Oszillationen oft unterschätzt. Psychophysiologische Experimente an Mensch und Tier haben eindrucksvoll den Zusammenhang zwischen so genannten Gamma-Oszillationen (ca. 30-80 Hz) und kognitiven Funktionen nachgewiesen. Das synchrone Feuern von Neuronen im Gamma-Band ermöglicht das Zusammenbinden von getrennt repräsentierten Merkmalen wahrgenommener Objekte aus der Umwelt. Die Gamma-Aktivität zeigt aber bereits bei Gesunden eine deutliche interindividuelle Variation, die mit der Ausprägung kognitiver Merkmale korreliert. Bei schizophrenen Patienten konnte ein Mangel an synchroner Gamma-Aktivität beobachtet werden, der für negative Symptome verantwortlich gemacht wird. Umgekehrt wurde bei Epileptikern erhöhte Gamma-Aktivität im EEG registriert, was die erhöhte Erregbarkeit des Kortex widerzuspiegeln scheint. Auch bei ADHS tritt eine geringfügige Erhöhung von Gamma-Oszillationen auf.
Abstract: Due to its small amplitude the importance of high-frequency EEG oscillations is often underestimated as compared to the slower oscillations with larger amplitude. Psychophysiological experiments have demonstrated the correlation of so-called gamma oscillations (about 30-80 Hz) with cognitive functions. The synchronous firing of neurons in the gamma-band enables the binding of the multiple features of an object which are coded in a distributed fashion in the brain. The amount of gamma-activity in healthy individuals shows significant intersubject variability. In schizophrenic patients a lack of synchronous gamma activity has been found and could be responsible for negative symptoms. An increase of gamma activity was observed in epileptic patients which might reflect the hyperexcitability of their cortex. Also in ADHD patients a slight increase of gamma oscillations was observed.
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