Social Cognition in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Abstract
Abstract. Research on the neural mechanisms underlying Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) has mostly concentrated on abnormalities in basal ganglia circuits. Recent alternative accounts, however, focused more on social and affective aspects. Individuals with GTS show peculiarities in their social and affective domain, including echophenomena, coprolalia, and nonobscene socially inappropriate behavior. This article reviews the experimental and theoretical work done on the social symptoms of GTS. We discuss the role of different social cognitive and affective functions and associated brain networks, namely, the social-decision-making system, theory-of-mind functions, and the so-called “mirror-neuron” system. Although GTS affects social interactions in many ways, and although the syndrome includes aberrant social behavior, the underlying cognitive, affective, and neural processes remain to be investigated.
Zusammenfassung. Die bisherige Forschung zu den neuralen Grundlagen vom Gilles de la Tourette Syndrom (GTS) hat sich überwiegend mit Veränderungen in Basalganglienschleifen beschäftigt, die mit vermuteten Dysfunktionen in motorischer Kontrolle und Gewohnheitslernen einhergehen. In den letzten Jahren gab es aber auch alternative theoretische Ansätze, die sich eher auf die sozialen und affektiven Aspekte der Erkrankung fokussieren. Personen mit GTS zeigen zahlreiche Auffälligkeiten in sozialen und affektiven Bereichen, einschließlich solcher Symptome wie Echophänomenen, Koprolalie oder nicht-obszönem, sozial-auffälligem Verhalten. Mit diesem Artikel bieten wir einen Überblick über die experimentellen und theoretischen Arbeiten zu sozialen Symptomen bei GTS. Wir diskutieren die verschiedenen sozial-kognitiven und affektiven Funktionen und assoziierte Hirnnetzwerke, besonders das soziale Entscheidungsnetzwerk sowie das „Theory-of-mind”- und das sogenannte Spiegelneuronennetzwerk. Obwohl GTS soziale Interaktionen vielfältig beeinflusst und obwohl das Syndrom Auffälligkeiten im Sozialverhalten umfasst, sind die grundlegenden kognitiven, affektiven und neuralen Mechanismen weiterhin zu untersuchen.
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