Abstract
Zusammenfassung.Diagnostik. Zur Basisuntersuchung der Gedächtnisleistung gehören die Untersuchung der Orientierung, verbaler und figuraler Merkspannen sowie des Arbeitsgedächtnisses, ein Lernparadigma (z.B. Wortliste) mit verzögertem Abruf sowie die unmittelbare und verzögerte Wiedergabe komplexer verbaler und figuraler Informationen. Die Ergebnisse der neuropsychologischen Untersuchung sollten dem Patienten, und (soweit das Einverständnis des Patienten vorliegt) seinen Angehörigen sowie dem Behandlungsteam mitgeteilt werden. Therapie: Die Evidenz für die Wirksamkeit des übenden Funktionstrainings konnte für Patienten mit leichten bis mittelschweren Gedächtnisstörungen in einer Reihe randomisierter Kontrollgruppenstudien erhärtet werden. Daher sollen diese Patienten ein spezifisches funktions- oder strategieorientiertes kognitives Training erhalten. Elektronische Gedächtnishilfen stellen wichtige Hilfsmittel dar, um die Auswirkungen von Gedächtnisstörungen im Alltag zu kompensieren. Bei Menschen mit schweren Gedächtnisstörungen sollte der Fokus der Therapie auf dem Erlernen von Kompensationsstrategien liegen. Für den Aufbau von Routinen spielt das fehlerfreie Lernen (Errorless Learning) dabei eine wichtige Rolle. Während für Neurostimulationsverfahren bislang keine Wirksamkeit zur Verbesserung des episodischen Gedächtnisses nachgewiesen konnte, wird im Einsatz virtueller Realität ein hohes Potential für Diagnostik und Therapie gesehen.
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