Das Potenzial der frequenzspezifischen Neuromodulation für die Untersuchung und Verbesserung der Sprachverarbeitung im Gehirn
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Das akustische Sprachsignal lässt sich nicht eindeutig in einzelne Wörter unterteilen und ähnelt eher einem kontinuierlichen Lautstrom. Dennoch gibt es zeitliche Regelmäßigkeiten, die möglicherweise bei der Wahrnehmung genutzt werden. Die Dauer von Sprachelementen wie Phonemen, Silben und prosodischen Phrasen spiegelt sich in der Hirnaktivität bei der Sprachwahrnehmung wider. Trotzdem ist nicht klar, ob tatsächlich ein kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen der neuronalen Antwort und der Qualität der Sprachwahrnehmung besteht. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel präsentiert einleitend die relevanten Bestandteile des akustischen Sprachsignals, beschreibt die neuronale Antwort auf Sprachreize im Gehirn und zeigt auf, welche neurophysiologischen Veränderungen mit Sprachfunktionsstörungen einhergehen. Es werden verschiedene Verfahren der nichtinvasiven Neuromodulation vorgestellt und erste Ergebnisse präsentiert, welche darauf hindeuten, dass sich durch gezielte Neuromodulation die Sprachfunktionen verbessern lassen können.
Abstract: An acoustic speech signal cannot be clearly divided into individual words but resembles a continuous stream of sounds. Nevertheless, there are temporal regularities that may be used in perception. The duration of language elements such as phonemes, syllables, and prosodic phrases is also reflected in the neural response patterns during speech perception. Impairments in language functions are often accompanied by changes in these neural response patterns. Changes in these neural response patterns often accompany impairments in language functions. Despite these findings, it is unclear whether there is a causal relationship between the neural response and the quality of speech perception. This article introduces the relevant components of the acoustic speech signal, describes the neuronal response to speech stimuli in the healthy brain, and shows which neurophysiological changes are associated with speech dysfunction. It presents various methods of noninvasive neuromodulation as well as first results, which indicate that language functions may be improved through targeted neuromodulation.
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