Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Das Konstrukt der «frühkindlichen Emotionalität» (synonym: affektive Temperamentsmerkmale) wird in der entwicklungspsychopathologischen, der entwicklungspsychologischen und der kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Theorienbildung und Forschung häufig verwendet. Die valide Erfassung des Konstrukts ist jedoch nicht unproblematisch. Elternurteile und naturalistische Verhaltensbeobachtungen in der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion können durch elterliche Merkmale verzerrt sein, standardisierte Beobachtungsroutinen sind oftmals nicht hinreichend validiert. Hier werden drei unterschiedliche Methoden im Hinblick auf drei affektive Temperamentsdimensionen zu drei Zeitpunkten im ersten Lebensjahr untersucht. Die Fragestellungen betreffen Aspekte der Validität der Verfahren und die Assoziation der Messwerte mit Merkmalen der Bezugsperson, ihrer Depressivität, Ängstlichkeit und Schulbildung. Untersucht wurde eine Stichprobe von 101 gesunden Erstgeborenen und deren primärer Bezugsperson im Alter der Säuglinge von 4, 8 und 12 Monaten. Erhoben wurden die positive Emotionalität, die negative Emotionalität und die Rückzugstendenz/Ängstlichkeit des Säuglings im Elternfragebogen, in Verhaltensbeobachtungen in der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion und in standardisierten Untersuchungen. Mit nur zwei Ausnahmen korrelierten die drei Verfahren zu allen drei Zeitpunkten in allen Dimensionen statistisch signifikant. Zufriedenstellende diskriminante Validität zeigten vor allem die standardisierten Beobachtungsroutinen. Die Messwerte aus dem Elternfragebogen korrelierten oftmals mit den mütterlichen Merkmalen, wobei diese Korrelationen unabhängig von den Korrelationen mit den Beobachtungsdaten waren. Die Elternurteile enthalten demnach objektive Komponenten und davon unabhängige subjektive Komponenten.
Summary:Objectives: The concept of infant emotionality (temperament) is frequently used in the fields of developmental psychopathology, developmental psychology, and child and adolescent psychiatry. However, a valid assessment of the construct has to deal with some difficulties. Parent reports and behaviour observations of the interaction between caregiver and infant may be biased by parental characteristics, while laboratory assessment procedures often have not been sufficiently validated. Methods: In the present study, three dimensions of temperament were assessed at three ages during the first year of life using three different measurement approaches. Convergent validity, discriminant validity and the associations of the temperament measures with maternal characteristics, i.e. depression, anxiety and educational status were analyzed. The study group consisted of 101 healthy first-born infants and their primary caregivers. At the ages of 4, 8 and 12 months, positive emotionality, negative emotionality and withdrawal/anxiety were assessed by means of a parent questionnaire, naturalistic behavioural observations of the caregiver-infant interaction, and by means of laboratory routines. Results: Aside from just two exceptions, there were significant convergent correlations between the different measures at each age. Particularly the laboratory routines revealed a good degree of discriminant validity. Questionnaire scores often correlated with the mothers’ characteristics. These correlations were independent of the associations with the observational data. Conclusions: Therewith, parent reports include an objective as well as a subjective component.
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