Multitasking: Gewinn oder „Zeitfalle“? – Eine Übersicht zum medialen Multitasking bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Abstract
Zusammenfassung.Fragestellung: Die Entwicklung moderner digitaler Medien, insbesondere des Smartphones, hat zu einer grundlegenden Änderung des Kommunikations- und Freizeitverhaltens von Jugendlichen geführt. Verbunden mit den technischen Möglichkeiten sind häufig Multitaskingprozesse, d. h. die parallele Nutzung mehrerer Medien nebeneinander oder mit nichtmedialen Aktivitäten wie Lernen und Arbeiten. Methodik: Untersucht werden bidirektionale Beziehungen zwischen Multitasking und kognitiven Prozessen, Auswirkungen auf die Qualität von Lernprozessen als auch mögliche negative Folgen für die psychosoziale Entwicklung. Methodik: Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel beruht auf einer Medlinerecherche, in die vorliegende Studien und Übersichtsarbeiten im Zusammenhang mit der Nutzung digitaler Medien im Jugendlichen- und Erwachsenenalter seit 2000 eingingen. Ergebnisse: Multitasking ist involviert in spezifische neuropsychologische Verarbeitungsprozesse, vor allem des Frontalkortex und des Corpus striatum. Bis zu einer von objektiven wie individuellen neuropsychologischen Verarbeitungskapazitäten abhängigen Grenze führt Multitasking nicht zwingend zu einer Verminderung der Qualität von Arbeitsleistung. Bei objektiver wie individueller Überbeanspruchung kann es, vor allem bei jungen Kindern, zu vermehrtem Stresserleben kommen mit negativen Auswirkungen auf die psychische Gesundheit. Schlussfolgerung: Vorläufig kann festgestellt werden, dass v. a. neue Problemkonstellationen mit hohem kognitiven Anspruch ohne Multitaskingbedingungen bearbeitet werden sollten. Eine Vielzahl weiterer Studien ist notwendig im Hinblick auf eine Verbindung von Multitasking zu spezifischen Störungsbildern, insbesondere zu Suchterkrankungen und Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen (ADHS), aber auch bezüglich des Einsatzes im schulpädagogischen Bereich.
Abstract.Objective: The development of modern digital media, especially smartphones, has contributed to a fundamental change in the leisure activities and communication practices of adolescents. Besides the technical possibilities, the amount of multitasking, i.e., the parallel use of several media alone or in combination with nonmedia activities, has gained in importance. This article addresses the bidirectional relationships between multitasking and cognitive processes, consequences for performance, and the potentially negative effects on psychosocial health. Methods: This review article is based on a Medline research involving studies and reviews published on multitasking in digital media since 2000 concerning adolescents and adults. Results: Multitasking is involved in specific neuropsychological processes of the frontal cortex and, in part, the corpus striatum. Up to an individually defined level and an objectively defined performance capacity, multitasking does not necessarily haven a negative impact on the quality of work. However, if excessive individual or objective stress occurs, especially in very young children, respective reactions and negative consequences for psychosocial health occur. Conclusion: According to present research results, multitasking should not be exercised in tasks requiring complex cognitive conditions. Many further studies will be required to assess the relationship between multitasking and specific psychiatric diseases, especially addictive disorders and ADHD, but also its useful implementation in educational settings has to be explored.
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