Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Übersichtsarbeit

Prävention von stoffgebundenen Suchtstörungen

Published Online:November 20, 2018https://doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000636

Abstract

Zusammenfassung.Einleitung: Substanzbezogene Suchtstörungen stellen ein erhebliches Entwicklungsrisiko für junge Menschen dar und sind in dieser Altersgruppe sehr verbreitet. Der Verlauf mit der Hauptinzidenzphase im Kindes- und Jugendalter indiziert frühzeitig ansetzende Prävention. Ergebnissen zur Wirksamkeit von Präventionsmaßnahmen kommt eine hohe Bedeutung zu. In diesem Beitrag fassen wir die Evidenz zu verhaltensbezogenen Präventionsmaßnahmen in unterschiedlichen Handlungsfeldern, in denen sie implementiert werden, zusammen. Ergebnisse: Insbesondere für die Handlungsfelder Schule, Familie und zunehmend auch das Internet liegen aktuelle Evidenzsynthesen vor. Die Studienlage für methodologisch zufriedenstellend untersuchte Programme ist für die verschiedenen Handlungsfelder, Zielgruppen und Substanzen ungleich verteilt. Dominierend sind US-amerikanische Studien zur universellen schulbasierten Prävention des Alkohol- und Tabakkonsum bei jüngeren Schülern. Es liegen vergleichsweise wenige Wirksamkeitsstudien aus Deutschland vor. Insgesamt liegen die berichteten Effekte überwiegend im statistisch signifikanten, aber kleinen bis mittleren Bereich. Ergebnisse zur differenziellen Wirksamkeit im schulischen Kontext legen nahe, dass die Effekte indizierter Ansätze mit steigendem Alter höher ausfallen, während bei jüngeren Schülern eher universelle, entwicklungsorientierte Programme effektiv sind, insbesondere dann, wenn sie erwachsene Bezugspersonen einbeziehen. Schlussfolgerung: In den wesentlichen Handlungsfeldern stehen eine Reihe von effektiven Maßnahmen zur substanzbezogenen Suchtprävention zur Verfügung. Zur Verbesserung bedarf es differenzierter Forschung zu effektiven Komponenten und der koordinierten Umsetzung in den Präventionsaktivitäten auf kommunaler Ebene.


Prevention of substance use disorders

Abstract.Introduction: Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of Substance Use Disorders and preventive intervention is a public health priority. In this article, we summarize the available evidence for behavioral preventive action for Substance Use Disorders and related dysregulated behaviors during adolescence in various settings. Results: Current meta-analytic evidence is available mainly for the school and family settings and increasingly also for internet-based prevention. The literature is dominated by US-studies that focus on universal school-based approaches for legal substances in middle adolescence. Only few German studies are published. Taken together the results indicate that developmentally sensitive substance use prevention is effective across different settings with consistent small-to-middle sized effects. Differential effectiveness analyses for schoolbased prevention suggest that younger adolescents benefit most from universal prevention, while for older adolescents targeted approaches are more effective. Conclusions: Across the relevant settings, effective preventive measures are available. However, the results could be improved. There is a need for translational research on effective and more individualized approaches to prevention and differential effects of intervention modules. Moreover, there is a need for research on the implementation of evidence-based programs and especially in Germany, coordinated approaches on community levels are lacking.

Literatur

  • Abels, S., Schubert, H., Spieckermann, H. & Veil, K. (2012). Sozialräumliche Prävention in Netzwerken (SPIN): Implementierung des Programms „Communities That Care (CTC)“ in Niedersachsen. Vierter Evaluationsbericht für die Phasen 4 bis 5. (SRM-Arbeitspapier 46). Köln. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Arnaud, N. (2015). Transfer und Implementation evidenzbasierter Ansätze für die Praxis der Suchtprävention. In M. Klein & T. Hoff (Hrsg.), Evidenzbasierung in der Suchtprävention: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. Berlin: Springer. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Arnaud, N., Baldus, C., Elgán, T. H., Tønnesen, H., De Paepe, N. & Csémy, L. et al. (2016). Effectiveness of a Web-Based Screening and Fully Automated Brief Motivational Intervention for Adolescent Substance Use: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18, e103. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Arnaud, N., Diestelkamp, S., Wartberg, L., Sack, P.-M., Daubmann, A. & Thomasius, R. (2017). Short- to Midterm Effectiveness of a Brief Motivational Intervention to Reduce Alcohol Use and Related Problems for Alcohol Intoxicated Children and Adolescents in Pediatric Emergency Departments: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Academic Emergency Medicine, 24, 186–200. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Arnaud, N. & Thomasius, R. (im Druck). Substanzmissbrauch und Abhängigkeit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Babor, T. R., Caetano, S., Casswell, G., Edwards, N., Giesbrecht, K., Graham, J. & Grube, L. et al. (2010). Alcohol: No ordinary commodity – Research and public policy (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Baldus, C., Thomsen, M., Sack, P.-M., Bröning, S., Arnaud, N. & Thomasius, R. (2016). Evaluation of a German version of the Strengthening Families Programme 10–14. European Journal of Public Health, 26, 953–959. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Barak, A., Hen, L., Boniel-Nissim, M. & Shapira, N. (2008). A Comprehensive Review and a Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Internet-Based Psychotherapeutic Interventions. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 26, 109–160. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Barton, A. W., Brody, G. H, Zapolski, T. C. B., Goings, T. C., Kogan, S. M. & Windle, M. et al. (2018). Trajectory classes of cannabis use and heavy drinking among rural African American adolescents: Multi-level predictors of class membership. Addiction, 113, 1439–1449. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Black, D. S. (2015). Mindfulness training for children and adolescents: A state-of-the-science review. In K. Brown, D. Creswell & R. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of Mindfulness: Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 283–310). New York: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Blankers, M., Nabitz, U., Smit, F., Koeter, M. W. & Schippers, G. M. (2012). Economic Evaluation of Internet-Based Interventions for Harmful Alcohol Use Alongside a Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14, e134. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Bridgett, D. J., Burt, N. M., Edwards, E. S. & Deater-Deckard, K. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of self-regulation: A multidisciplinary review and integrative conceptual framework. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 602–654. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Bröning, S., Baldus, C., Thomsen, M., Sack, P.-M., Arnaud, N. & Thomasius, R. (2017). Children with elevated psychosocial risk load benefit most from a family-based preventive intervention: Exploratory differential analyses from the German „Strengthening Families Program 10–14“ adaptation trial. Prevention Science, 18, 932–942. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Bröning, S., Kumpfer, K., Kruse, K., Sack, P.-M., Schaunig-Busch, I. & Ruths, S. et al. (2012). Selective prevention programs for children from substance affected families: A comprehensive systematic review. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 7, 23. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Bröning, S., Sack, P. M., Thomsen, M., Stolle, M., Wendell, A. & Stappenbeck, J. et al. (2014). Implementing and evaluating the German adaptation of the „Strengthening Families Program 10–14“ – a randomized-controlled multicentre study. BMC Public Health, 14, 83. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Bröning, S., Wiedow, A., Wartberg, L., Ruths, S., Haevelmann, A. & Kindermann, S. et al. (2012). Targeting children of substance-using parents with the community-based group intervention TRAMPOLINE: A randomised controlled trial – design, evaluation, recruitment issues. BMC Public Health, 12, 223. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Bühler, A. (2016). Meta-Analyse zur Wirksamkeit deutscher suchtpräventiver Lebenskompetenzprogramme. Kindheit und Entwicklung, 25, 175–188. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Bühler, A. & Thrul, J. (2013). Expertise zur Suchtprävention – Aktualisierte und erweiterte Neuauflage der „Expertise zur Prävention des Substanzmissbrauchs“ (Forschung und Praxis der Gesundheitsförderung, Bd. 46). Köln: Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Campbell, R., Starkey, F., Holliday, J., Audrey, S., Bloor, M. & Parry-Landon, N. et al. (2008). An informal schoolbased peer-led intervention for smoking prevention in adolescence (ASSIST): A cluster randomised trial. Lancet, 371, 1595–1602. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Castellanos-Ryan, N., Struve, M., Whelan, R., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J. & Bokde, A. L. et al. (2014). Neural and cognitive correlates of the common and specific variance across externalizing problems in young adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 1310–1319. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Champion, K. E., Newton, N. C., Barrett, N. & Teesson, M. (2012). A systematic review of schoolbased alcohol and other drug prevention programs facilitated by computers or the internet. Drug and Alcohol Review, 32, 115–123. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Nix, R. L., Greenberg, M. T., Gayles, J. G. & Bamberger, K. T. et al. (2015). Integrating mindfulness with parent training: Effects of the mindfulness-enhanced strengthening families program. Developmental Psychology, 51, 26–35. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Conrod, P. J., Castellanos, N. & Mackie, C. (2008). Personality-targeted interventions delay the growth of adolescent drinking and binge drinking. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 181–190. First citation in articleMedline, Google Scholar

  • Conrod, P. J., Castellanos-Ryan, N. & Mackie, C. (2011). Long-Term Effects of a PersonalityTargeted Intervention to Reduce Alcohol Use in Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 296–306. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Conrod, P. J., Castellanos-Ryan, N. & Strang, J. (2010). Brief personality-targeted coping skills intervention and survival as a non-drug user over a 2-year period during adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 85–93. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Conrod, P. J., Stewart, S. H., Comeau, N. & Maclean, A. M. (2006). Preventative efficacy of cognitive behavioral strategies matched to the motivational bases of alcohol misuse in at-risk youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 35, 550–563. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Conway, K. P., Swendsen, J., Husky, M. M., He, J. P. & Merikangas, K. R. (2016). Association of Lifetime Mental Disorders and Subsequent Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55, 280–288. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Dedert, E. A., McDuffie, J. R., Stein, R., McNiel, J. M., Kosinski, A. S. & Freiermuth, C. E. et al. (2015). Electronic Interventions for Alcohol Misuse and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Systematic Review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 4, 205–214 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Drost, R. M., Paulus, A. T., Jander, A. F., Mercken, L., de Vries, H. & Ruwaard, D. et al. (2016). A Web-Based Computer-Tailored Alcohol Prevention Program for Adolescents: Cost-Effectiveness and Intersectoral Costs and Benefits. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18, e93. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Faggiano, F., Vigna-Taglianti, F., Burkhart, G., Bohrn, K., Cuomo, L. & Gregori, D. et al. (2010). The effectiveness of a school-based substance abuse prevention program: 18-month follow-up of the EU-Dap cluster randomized controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 108, 56–64. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Fletcher, A., Bonell, C. & Hargreaves, J. (2008). School effects on young people’s drug use: a systematic review of intervention and observational studies. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 209–220. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Foxcroft, D. R. & Tsertsvadse, A. (2011). Universal family-based prevention programs for alcohol misuse in young people. Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, 9, Art. No.: CD009308. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gore, F. M., Bloem, P. J., Patton, G. C., Ferguson, J., Joseph, V. & Coffey, C. et al. (2011). Global Burden of Disease in young people aged 10–24 years: A systematic analysis. Lancet, 377, 2093–2102. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Haggerty, K. P., McGlynn-Wright, A. & Klima, T. (2013). Promising parenting programmes for reducing adolescent problem behaviors. Journal of Children’s Services, 8, 229–243. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hale, D. R., Fitzgerald-Yau, N. & Viner, R. M. (2014). A Systematic Review of Effective Interventions for Reducing Multiple Health Risk Behaviors in Adolescence. American Journal of Public Health, 104, 19–41. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Handley, E., Rogosch, F. & Cicchetti, D. (2017). From child maltreatment to emerging adult problem drinking: Identification of a multilevel internalizing pathway among African American youth. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 1807–1821. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Heinrichs, N., Kliem, S. & Hahlweg, K. (2014). Four-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of triple p group for parent and child outcomes. Prevention Science, 15, 233–245. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Hoeflmeyer, D. & Hanewinkel, R. (2008). Do school-based tobacco prevention programmes pay off? The cost-effectiveness of the „Smoke-free Class Competition“. Public Health, 122, 34–41. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Isensee, B. & Hanewinkel, R. (2012). Meta-Analysis on the Effects of the Smoke-Free Class Competition on Smoking Prevention in Adolescents. European Addiction Research, 18, 110–115. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Isensee, B., Maruska, K. & Hanewinkel, R. (2015). Langzeiteffekte des Präventionsprogramms Klasse2000 auf den Substanzkonsum. Ergebnisse einer kontrollierten Studie an Schülerinnen und Schülern in Hessen. SUCHT, 61, 127–137. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Isensee, B., Morgenstern, M., Stoolmiller, M., Maruska, K., Sargent, J. D. & Hanewinkel, R. (2012). Effects of Smokefree Class Competition 1 year after the end of intervention: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66, 334–341. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Jansson, L. M., Jordan, C. J. & Velez, M. L. (2018). Perinatal Marijuana Use and the Developing Child. JAMA, 320, 545–546. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Jonas, B., Tensil, M. D., Tossmann, P. & Strüber, E. (2018). Effects of Treatment Length and Chat-Based Counseling in a Web-Based Intervention for Cannabis Users: Randomized Factorial Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20, e166. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Kallapiran, K, Koo, S., Kirubakaran, R. & Hancock, K. (2015). Review: Effectiveness of mindfulness in improving mental health symptoms of children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 20, 182–194. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Kempf, C., Llorca, P. M., Pizon, F., Brousse, G. & Flaudias, V. (2017). What’s New in Addiction Prevention in Young People: A Literature Review of the Last Years of Research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1131. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M. & Wittchen, H.-U. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21, 169–184. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Kirschbaum, G. (2016). Webbasierte Interventionen in Deutschland – Aktueller Stand, Chancen und Grenzen. Verfügbar unter: http://www.dgsucht.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/tagungen/Kirschbaum.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Klein, M., Moesgen, D., Bröning, S. & Thomasius, R. (2013). Trampolin: Kinder aus suchtbelasteten Familien entdecken ihre Stärken. Manual. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kumpfer, K. L., Scheier, L. M. & Brown, J. (2018). Strategies to Avoid Replication Failure With Evidence-Based Prevention Interventions: Case Examples From the Strengthening Families Program. Evaluation & the Health Professions. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278718772886. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Lampert, T. & Kuntz, B. (2014). Tabak- und Alkoholkonsum bei 11- bis 17-jährigen Jugendlichen. Ergebnisse der KiGGS-Studie – Erste Folgebefragung (KiGGS Welle 1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundheitsschutz, 57, 830–839. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Leve, L. D., Harold, G. T., Ge, X., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. & Scaramella, L. V. et al. (2009). Structured parenting of toddlers at high versus low genetic risk: Two pathways to child problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 1102–1109. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Leve, L. D., Harold, G. T., Ge, X., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. & Scaramella, L. V. et al. (2010). Infant pathways to externalizing behavior: evidence of Genotype × Environment interaction. Child Development, 81, 340–356. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Lindenmeyer, J. & Rost, S. (2008). Lieber schlau als blau – für Jugendliche. Ein Präventionsprogramm für die Schule. Weinheim: Beltz. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Marcus, J. & Siedler, T. (2015). Reducing binge drinking? The effect of a ban on late-night off-premise alcohol sales on alcohol-related hospital stays in Germany. Journal of Public Economics, 123, 55–77. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Marsch, L. A. & Borodovsky, J. T. (2016). Technology-based Interventions for Preventing and Treating Substance Use Among Youth. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25, 755–768. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Merikangas, K. R., He, J., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S. & Cui, L. et al. (2010). Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in US Adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Study-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 980–989. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Molgaard, V. K., Spoth, R. L. & Redmond, C. (2000). Competency Training: The Strengthening Families Program: For parents and youth 10–14 (OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Morgenstern, M., Wiborg, G., Isensee, B. & Hanewinkel, R. (2009). School-based alcohol education: Results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Addiction, 104, 402–412. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S. & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The Role of the Family Context in the Development of Emotion Regulation. Social Development, 16, 361–388. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Mrazek, P. J. & Haggerty, R. J. (1994). Reducing the Risk for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for preventive Intervention research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press for the Institute of Medicine, Committee on Prevention of Mental Disorders. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Nees, F., Tzschoppe, J., Patrick, C. J., Vollstädt-Klein, S., Steiner, S. & Poustka, L. et al. (2012). Determinants of early alcohol use in healthy adolescents: The differential contribution of neuroimaging and psychological factors. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 986–995. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Onrust, S. A., Otten, R., Lammers, J. & Smit, F. (2016). School-based programmes to reduce and prevent substance use in different age groups: What works for whom? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clinical Psychology Reviews, 44, 45–59. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • O’Rourke, L., Humphris, G. & Baldacchino, A. (2016). Electronic communication based interventions for hazardous young drinkers: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 880–890. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Orth, B. (2016). Die Drogenaffinität Jugendlicher in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2015. Rauchen, Alkoholkonsum und Konsum illegaler Drogen: aktuelle Verbreitung und Trends. BZgA-Forschungsbericht. Köln: Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Orth, B. & Merkel, C. (2018). Der Cannabiskonsum Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener in Deutschland. Ergebnisse des Alkoholsurveys 2016 und Trends. BZgA-Forschungsbericht. Köln: Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Patton, G. & Temmerman, M. (2016). Evidence and Evidence Gaps in Adolescent Health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(4S), S1–S3. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Segrott, J., Murphy, S., Rothwell, H., Scourfield, J., Foxcroft, D. & Gillespie, D. et al. (2017). An application of Extended Normalisation Process Theory in a randomized controlled trial of a complex social intervention: Process evaluation of the strengthening families programme (10–14) in Wales, UK. SSM – Population Health, 3, 255–265. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Self, C., Morgan, A. C., Fuhrman, N. E. & Navarro, M. (2013). An evaluation of the 4-H Health Rocks program: Implications for program improvement. Journal of Drug Education, 43, 49–63. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Shingleton, R. M. & Palfai, T. P. (2016). Technology-delivered adaptations of motivational interviewing for health-related behaviors: A systematic review of the current research. Patient Education and Counseling, 99, 17–35. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Skärstrand, E., Sundell, K. & Andréasson, S. (2013) Evaluation of a swedish version of the Strengthening Families Programme. European Journal of Public Health, 24, 578–584. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Smit, E. S., Evers, S. M., de Vries, H. & Hoving, C. (2013). Cost-Effectiveness and Cost-Utility of Internet-Based Computer Tailoring for Smoking Cessation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15, e57 First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Spirito, A., Monti, P. M., Barnett, N. P., Colby, S. M., Sindelar, H. & Rohsenow, D. J. et al. (2004). A randomized clinical trial of a brief motivational intervention for alcohol-positive adolescents treated in an emergency department. Journal of Pediatrics, 145, 396–402. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Spoth, R. L., Guyll, M. & Day, S. X. (2002). Universal family-focused interventions in alcoholuse disorder prevention: Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of two interventions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 219–228. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Spoth, R. L., Trudeau, L. S., Redmond, C. R., Shin, C., Greenberg, M. T. & Feinberg, M. E. et al. (2015). PROSPER Partnership Delivery System: Effects on Adolescent Conduct Problem Behavior Outcomes Through 6.5 Years Past Baseline. Journal of Adolescence, 45, 44–55. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Stockings, E., Hall, W., Lynskey, M., Morley, K. I., Reavley, N. & Strang, J. et al. (2016). Prevention, early intervention, harm reduction, and treatment of substance use in young people. Lancet Psychiatry, 3, 280–296. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Stolle, M., Sack, P.-M., Stappenbeck, J. & Thomasius, R. (2010). Familienbasierte Prävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Das Strengthening Families Program. SUCHT, 56, 51–60. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Sundström, C., Blankers, M. & Khadjesari, Z. (2017). Computer-Based Interventions for Problematic Alcohol Use: a Review of Systematic Reviews. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 646–658. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Tensil, M. D., Jonas, B. & Strüber, E. (2013). Two Fully Automated Web-Based Interventions for Risky Alkcohol Use. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14, e110. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Thomas, R. E., Baker, P. R., Thomas, B. C. & Lorenzetti, D. L. (2015). Family-based programmes for preventing smoking by children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, Art. No.: CD004493. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Thomasius, R., Heinz, A., Detert, S. & Arnaud, N. (2017). Prävention von Alkohol- und Drogenabhängigkeit. In J. Klosterkötter & W. Maier (Hrsg.), Handbuch präventive Psychiatrie: Forschung – Lehre – Versorgung (S. 285–318). Stuttgart: Schattauer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Thomasius, R., Sack, P.-M., Arnaud, N. & Hoch, E. (2016). Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Altersspezifische Empfehlungen der neuen interdisziplinären S3-Leitlinie. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 44, 295–305. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Tossmann, H. P., Jonas, B., Tensil, M.-D., Lang, P. & Strüber, E. (2011). A Controlled Trial of an Internet-Based Intervention Program for Cannabis Users. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 673–679. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Vandenbergh, D. J., Schlomer, G. L., Cleveland, H. H., Schink, A. E., Hair, K. L. & Feinberg, M. E. et al. (2016). An Adolescent Substance Prevention Model Blocks the Effect of CHRNA5 Genotype on Smoking During High School. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 18, 212–220. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Van Ryzin, M. J., Roseth, C. J., Fosco, G. M., Lee, Y. K. & Chen, I. C. (2016). A componentcentered meta-analysis of family-based prevention programs for adolescent substance use. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 72–80. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Walden, K., Kröger, C., Kutzka, R. & Kirmes, J. (1998). ALF – Allgemeine Lebenskompetenzen und Fertigkeiten. Programm für Schüler und Schülerinnen der 5. Klasse mit Informationen zu Nikotin und Alkohol. Hohengehren: Schneider. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Weichold, K. & Silbereisen, R. K. (2014). Suchtprävention in der Schule: IPSY – Ein Lebenskompetenzprogramm für die Klassenstufen 5–7. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Whelan, R., Watts, R., Orr, C. A., Althoff, R. R., Artiges, E. & Banaschewski, T. et al. (2014). Neuropsychosocial profiles of current and future adolescent alcohol misusers. Nature, 512, 185–189. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J. & Erskine, H. E. et al. (2013). Global Burden of Disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 2010. Lancet, 382, 1575–1586. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Wiebe, S. A., Fang, H., Johnson, C., James, K. E. & Espy, K. A. (2014). Determining the impact of prenatal tobacco exposure on self-regulation at 6 months. Developmental Psychology, 50, 1746–1756. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • Wittchen, H.-U., Behrendt, S., Höfler, M., Perkonigg, A., Lieb, R. & Bühringer, G. et al. (2008). What are the high risk periods for incident substance use and transitions to abuse and dependence? Implications for early intervention and prevention. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 17, 16–29. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • World Health Organization. (2018). World Drug Report 2018 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.18.XI.9). First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zoogman, S., Goldberg, S. B., Hoyt, W. T. & Miller, L. (2015). Mindfulness interventions with youth: A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 6, 290–302. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar