Abstract
Zusammenfassung. In der allgemeinmedizinischen Praxis werden Persönlichkeitseigenschaften der Patienten selten berücksichtigt oder erfasst. In diesem Mini-Review wird zusammengefasst, warum die Bestimmung der Persönlichkeit wichtige Patienteninformationen liefern kann. Es werden Einflüsse von Persönlichkeitseigenschaften auf die allgemeinen Lebensumstände sowie auf die psychische und somatische Gesundheit beschrieben. Zudem werden wissenschaftliche Arbeiten vorgestellt, die einen Zusammenhang zwischen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, klinischen Krankheitsmarkern und der Gesamtmortalität aufzeigen. Diese Befunde werden im Kontext ausgewählter ätiologischer Modelle diskutiert. Die zusammengetragenen Studien verdeutlichen, dass die Beschreibung der Persönlichkeit die Diagnostik, Prognostik und Behandlungsplanung sinnvoll ergänzen kann.
Abstract. In general medical practice, a patient’s personality is hardly considered and assessed. In this mini-review the author summarises how a comprehensive personality assessment may provide valuable patient information. Prospective effects of personality traits on general lifestyle as well as mental and physical health are presented. In addition, original research is introduced that shows meaningful associations between personality traits, clinical disease markers, and all-cause mortality. These findings are discussed with respect to selected etiological models. The studies illustrate that a personality assessment could be a useful aid for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning.
Résumé. Dans la pratique du médecin généraliste, la personnalité du malade est peu considérée et évaluée. Dans cette mini-revue l’auteur résume comment une évaluation complète de la personnalité peut fournir une information valable sur le malade. Sont discutés les effets des traits de la personnalité sur le style de vie, de même que sur la santé physique et mentale. De plus sont présentées des études originales montrant l’existence d’associations significatives entre les traits de la personnalité et des marqueurs d’affections cliniques ainsi que de la mortalité globale. Ces observations sont discutées par rapport à des modèles étiologiques sélectionnés. Les études illustrent que l’évaluation de la personnalité peut être utile pour établir le diagnostic, le pronostique et la planification du traitement.
Bibliografie
: The Structure of Phenotypic Personality-Traits. Am Psychol 1993; 48 : 26–34.
: Universal features of personality traits from the observer’s perspective: Data from 50 cultures. J Pers Soc Psychol 2005; 88 : 547–561.
: An introduction to the 5-factor model and its applications. J Pers 1992; 60 : 175–215.
: An integrative dimensional classification of personality disorder. Psychol Assess 2009; 21 : 243–255.
: The joint structure of normal and pathological personality: further evidence for a dimensional model. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55 : 667–674.
: An item response theory integration of normal and abnormal personality scales. Personal Disord 2010; 1 : 5–21.
. On the structure of personality disorder traits: conjoint analyses of the CAT-PD, PID-5, and NEO-PI-3 trait models. Personal Disord 2014; 5 : 43–54.
: Linking «big» personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2010; 136 : 768–821.
: A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychol Bull 2009; 135 : 322–338.
: The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspect Psychol Sci 2007; 2 : 313–345.
: Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychol Bull 2008; 134 : 138–161.
: The detrimental impact of maladaptive personality on public mental health: A challenge for psychiatric practice. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6 : 87.
: Translational applications of personality science for the conceptualization and treatment of psychopathology. Clin Psychol-Sci Pr 2016; 23 : 288–308.
: Personality and risk of physical illness. Ann Rev Clin Psychol 2006; 2 : 435–467.
: Public health significance of neuroticism. Am Psychol 2009; 64 : 241–256.
: The case for conscientiousness: evidence and implications for a personality trait marker of health and longevity. Ann Behav Med 2013; 45 : 278–288.
: Higher-order factors of the Big Five in a multi-informant sample. J Pers Soc Psychol 2006; 91 : 1138–1151.
: Higher-order factors of the Big Five. J Pers Soc Psychol 1997; 73 : 1246–1256.
: A longitudinal etiologic model for symptoms of anxiety and depression in women. Psychol Med 2011; 41 : 2035–2045.
: Personality traits in late adolescence predict mental disorders in early adulthood: a prospective-epidemiological study. J Pers 1999; 67 : 39–65.
, et al. : Testing a hierarchical model of neuroticism and its cognitive facets. Clin Psychol Sci 2016; 4 : 805–824.
: Personality and depressive symptoms: Individual participant meta-analysis of 10 cohort studies. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32 : 461–470.
: Relationship between personality and psychopathology in a longitudinal community study: a test of the predisposition model. Psychol Med 2016; 46 : 1693–1705.
: Personality and major depression: a Swedish longitudinal, population-based twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63 : 1113–1120.
: Mutual reinforcement between neuroticism and life experiences: a five-wave, 16-year study to test reciprocal causation. J Pers Soc Psychol 2014; 107 : 751–764.
: Personality and the experience of environmental adversity. Psychol Med 2003; 33 : 1193–1202.
: It’s not just who you’re with, it’s who you are: Personality and relationship experiences across multiple relationships. J Pers 2002; 70 : 925–964.
: Big Five personality traits may inform public health policy and preventive medicine: Evidence from a cross-sectional and a prospective longitudinal epidemiologic study in a Swiss community. J Psychosom Res 2016; 84 : 44–51.
, et al. : High neuroticism and low conscientiousness are associated with interleukin-6. Psychol Med 2010; 40 : 1485–1493.
: Personality, metabolic rate and aerobic capacity. PLoS One 2013; 8 : e54746.
, Kivimaki M: Personality traits as risk factors for stroke and coronary heart disease mortality: pooled analysis of three cohort studies. J Behav Med 2014; 37 : 881–889.
, et al. : Personality and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: new data and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10 : 179–186.
: Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171 : 83–92.
, et al. : Does personality predict mortality? Results from the GAZEL French prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37 : 386–396.
, Jr: Personality predictors of longevity: activity, emotional stability, and conscientiousness. Psychosom Med 2008; 70 : 621–627.
: Relationships matter in personality development: Evidence from an 8-year longitudinal study across young adulthood. J Pers 2007; 75 : 535–568.
. Relationship of personality to performance motivation: a meta-analytic review. J Appl Psychol 2002; 87 : 797–807.
: Stress, burnout and doctors’ attitudes to work are determined by personality and learning style: a twelve year longitudinal study of UK medical graduates. BMC Medicine 2004; 2 : 29.
: Externalizing pathology and the five-factor model: a meta-analysis of personality traits associated with antisocial personality disorder, substance use disorder, and their co-occurrence. J Pers Disord 2008; 22 : 365–388.
: Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychol Bull 2004; 130 : 887–919.
, et al. : Cholesterol, triglycerides, and the Five-Factor Model of personality. Biol Psychol 2010; 84 : 186–191.
, et al. : Personality and resilience to Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology: a prospective autopsy study. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34 : 1045–1050.
, et al. : Personality and risk for Alzheimer’s disease in adults 72 years of age and older: a 6-year follow-up. Psychol Aging 2011; 26 : 351–362.
, et al. : Translating personality psychology to help personalize preventive medicine for young adult patients. J Pers Soc Psychol 2014; 106 : 484–498.
, et al. : A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2011; 108 : 2693–2698.
: More intelligent, more dependable children live longer: a 55-year longitudinal study of a representative sample of the Scottish nation. Psychol Sci 2008; 19 : 874–880.
, et al. : Personality and all-cause mortality: individual-participant meta-analysis of 3947 deaths in 76 150 adults. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178 : 667–675.
: Is serotonin an upper or a downer? The evolution of the serotonergic system and its role in depression and the antidepressant response. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51 : 164–188.
: Personality and depression: explanatory models and review of the evidence. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2011; 7 : 269–295.
: Personality as risk and resilience in physical health. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2006; 15 : 227–231.
: Beyond allostatic load: rethinking the role of stress in regulating human development. Dev Psychopathol 2014; 26 : 1–20.
: How evolutionary principles improve the understanding of human health and disease. Evol Appl 2011; 4 : 249–263.
Genes, evolution, and personality. Behav Genet 2001; 31 : 243–273.
: Genetic and environmental continuity in personality development: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2014; 140 : 1303–1331.
: The behavioral genetics of personality disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2008; 4 : 247–274.
: Progress and promise in understanding the genetic basis of common diseases. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282 : 20151684.
, et al. : Pleiotropy between neuroticism and physical and mental health: findings from 108 038 men and women in UK Biobank. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6 : e791.
Genetics of Personality C , , et al. : Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism, and the polygenic association with major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72 : 642–650.: A population-based twin study of the relationship between neuroticism and internalizing disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163 : 857–864.
: Common genetic influences on negative emotionality and a general psychopathology factor in childhood and adolescence. J Abnorm Psychol 2013; 122 : 1142–1153.
, et al. : Association analysis in over 329,000 individuals identifies 116 independent variants influencing neuroticism. Nat Genet 2018; 50 : 6–11.
: The genetic relationship between neuroticism and autonomic function in female twins. Psychol Med 2007; 37 : 257–267.
: Additive and synergetic contributions of neuroticism and life events to depression and anxiety in women. Eur J Personality 2016; 30 : 390–405.
: The interrelationship of neuroticism, sex, and stressful life events in the prediction of episodes of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161 : 631–636.
: Stress exposure across the life span cumulatively increases depression risk and is moderated by neuroticism. Depress Anxiety 2014; 31 : 737–745.
: The role of neuroticism in daily stress and coping. J Pers Soc Psychol 1999; 77 : 1087–1100.
: Big Five personality traits and the general factor of personality as moderators of stress and coping reactions following an emergency alarm on a Swiss university campus. Stress Health 2017; 33 : 35–44.
: Coping with interpersonal stress: Role of big five traits. J Pers 2005; 73 : 1141–1180.
: Relations between personality and coping: a meta-analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol 2007; 93 : 1080–1107.
: Personality and substance use in midlife: Conscientiousness as a moderator and the effects of trait change. J Res Pers 2012; 46 : 295–305.
: Personality and the leading behavioral contributors of mortality. Health Psychol 2015; 34 : 51–60.
: Evolutionary perspectives on health and medicine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 1 : 1691–1695.
: Living with the past: evolution, development, and patterns of disease. Science 2004; 305 : 1733–1736.
: Are animal personality traits linked to life-history productivity? Trends Ecol Evol 2008; 23 : 361–368.
. Recent models for adaptive personality differences: a review. Philos T R Soc B 2010; 365 : 3947–3958.
: Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities. Nature 2007; 447 : 581–584.
Life history evolution. Sunderland, MA; Sinauer: 2002.
: The evolutionary life history model of externalising personality: Bridging human and animal personality science to connect ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying aggressive dominance, hostility, and impulsive sensation seeking. Rev Gen Psychol 2017; 21 : 330–353.
: Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychol Bull 2009; 135 : 885–908.
, et al. : The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: Implications for science, policy, and practice. Dev Psychol 2012; 48 : 598–623.
: The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29 : 3–38.
: Personality and the emergence of the pace-of-life syndrome concept at the population level. Philos T R Soc B 2010; 365 : 4051–4063.
: Vulnerability to disease as a predictor of faster life history strategies. Adapt Human Behav Physiol 2016; 2 : 116–133.
