Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Tierexperimentelle Befunde zu synchronisierten oszillatorischen neuronalen Aktivitäten im Bereich über 20 Hertz, dem Gammaband, wurden als der neuronale Mechanismus der kortikalen Objektrepräsentation interpretiert. Diese Arbeiten haben zunehmend experimentelle Ansätze zu diesen Aktivitäten im menschlichen Gehirn stimuliert. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit wird der gegenwärtige Stand der Forschung zusammengefaßt. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt bei der Darstellung von evozierten und induzierten Gammabandaktivitäten vor allem in der akustischen und visuellen Modalität. Die Rolle dieser Gehirnantworten bei perzeptuellen Prozessen, bei der Merkmalsintegration und sprachlichen Prozessen wird dargestellt. Ebenfalls wird die aufmerksamkeitsbezogene Modulation der spektralen Gammabandleistung im menschlichen EEG beschrieben. Im Gegensatz zu evozierten Gammabandaktivitäten die gleich nach Präsentation des Stimulus auftreten, haben induzierte Gammabandaktivitäten eine Latenz von 200 bis 400 ms und konnten im Bereich von 30 bis 95 Hz gefunden werden. Aufgrund der konsistenten Befunde kann zum heutigen Tage geschlußfolgert werden, daß diese Aktivitäten mit neuronaler Informationsverarbeitung und Gedächtnisprozessen korreliert sind. Die Befunde werden vor dem Hintergrund verschiedener funktionaler Modelle diskutiert.
Abstract. Synchronized neural activity in animal visual cortex in the frequency range above 20 Hz, the gamma band, has been proposed as a signature of temporal feature binding. More and more research in humans by means of noninvasive electrophysiological recordings was stimulated by these studies. Here, research on evoked and induced gamma band activity in human EEG and MEG mainly in the auditory and visual modality is reviewed and their role in perceptual processes, feature integration and language processing is discussed. In addition, research on the attentional modulation of gamma band activity is reviewed. In contrast to evoked gamma band activity, which occurs right after stimulus onset, induced gamma band activity can be recorded with a latency of 200 to 400 ms and a frequency range of 30 to 95 Hz. Cumulative consistent experimental evidence allows us to conclude that gamma band activity in the human cortex is related to neuronal information processing and cognitive functions, e.g. memory processes. The findings are discussed in the light of different functional theories of induced gamma band activity.
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