Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Vorgestellt wird eine deutsche Adaption des „Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire” (BEQ; Gross & John, 1995). Das Instrument erfasst mit Hilfe von 16 Items ökonomisch drei Dimensionen der Expressivität: Negative Expressivität, Positive Expressivität und Impulsintensität. In Studie 1 (n = 385) wurden mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse die interne faktorielle Struktur und die psychometrischen Eigenschaften für die Faktoren des BEQ bestimmt. In einer Längsschnittstudie (Studie 2) wurden die Stabilität und Validität des BEQ untersucht: Zum ersten Messzeitpunkt wurde die selbstberichtete Expressivität von 220 Probanden erhoben. Zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt (sechs Monate später) wurden neben der selbstberichteten Expressivität für jeden Probanden zwei Fremdurteile sowie globale Maße der Persönlichkeit, positive und negative Affektivität und Maße der physischen und psychischen Gesundheit erfasst. Die Dimensionen des BEQ sind zeitlich stabil und positiv mit den Fremdurteilen korreliert. Negative Expressivität und Impulsintensität sind mit Neurotizismus, negativer Affektivität, physischen Beschwerden und Depressivität verbunden. Positive Expressivität ist mit Extraversion, Offenheit und positiver Affektivität assoziiert. Frauen zeigen im Vergleich zu Männern höhere Werte in allen Dimensionen des BEQ, welche mit Alter negativ korreliert sind.
Abstract. The paper presents a German version of the „Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire” (BEQ; Gross & John, 1995). The instrument uses 16 items to assess three dimensions of expressivity: negative expressivity, positive expressivity, and impulse strength. In study 1 (n = 385), the factor structure and the psychometric properties of the BEQ were determined using confirmatory factor analysis. In a longitudinal study (study 2) the stability and validity of the BEQ were investigated: At t1, 220 participants filled out the BEQ. At t2 (6 months later), in addition to the BEQ self-report, the judgments of two raters as well as personality characteristics, positive and negative affectivity, and psychological and physical symptoms were assessed. The results show that the dimensions of the BEQ are stable and positively correlated with the raters’ judgments. While negative expressivity and impulse strength are related to neuroticism, negative affectivity, physical complaints, and depression, positive expressivity is correlated to extraversion, openness, and positive affectivity. Women showed higher scores in all three dimensions of the BEQ which were negatively related to age.
Literatur
(1997). Psychologische Diagnostik und Intervention (2. Aufl.). Heidelberg: Springer.
(1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
. (1993). Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
(1970). Back translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185–216.
(1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In , Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
(1991). The development of facial expressions in infancy. In , Fundamentals of nonverbal behavior (pp. 73–105). New York: Cambridge University Press.
(1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276.
(2007). Longitudinal examination of the impact of Eysenck’s psychoticism dimension on emotional well-being in teenagers. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 597–608.
(1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory. (NEO-PI-R) and NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
(1995). Situational Effects in Psychological Assessment of Traits: The FPI, NEOFFI, and EPI questionnaires. European Journal of Personality, 9, 1–23
(1999). Intraindividual variability in affect: Reliability, validity, and personality correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 662–676.
(1996). Ein Latent-State-Trait-Modell für Variablen mit geordneten Antwortkategorien und seine Anwendung zur Analyse der Variabilitäts-Sensitivität von Stimmungsitems. Diagnostica, 41, 293–312.
(1978). Facial expression. In , Nonverbal behavior and communication (pp. 96–116). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion. In , Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1971 (pp. 207–283). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
. (1994). The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions. New York: Oxford University Press.
. (2007). Handbook of emotion regulation. New York: Guilford Press.
(1989). Emotional expression in cancer onset and progression. Social Science and Medicine, 28, 1239–1248.
(1995). Facets of emotional expressivity: Three self-report factors and their correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 555–568.
(1997). Revealing feelings: Facets of emotional expressivity in self-reports, peer ratings, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 435–448.
(1998). Mapping the domain of emotional expressivity: Multi-method evidence for a hierarchical model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 170–191.
(1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 95–103.
(1995). Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2, 151–164.
(1994). Guidelines for adapting educational and psychological tests: A progress report. European Journal of Psychological Assesssment, 10, 229–244.
(1995). Das Beck-Depressionsinventar (2. Aufl.). Bern: Huber.
(1998). Depressionen. In , Lehrbuch der Klinischen Psychologie (S. 207–248). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
(1995). Writing about structural equation models. In , Structural equation modeling: Comments, issues, and applications (pp. 56–77). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
(1995). Evaluating model fit. In , Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications (pp. 76–99). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
(1971). The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
(1990). The „Big Five” factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In , Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 66–100). New York: Guilford.
(1996). LISREL 8: User’s reference guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software.
(1999). LISREL 8.3. Chicago: Scientific Software.
(2007). Relationship between personality characteristics and affect: Gender and affective personality. Individual Differences Research 5, 44–58.
(2001). Social functions of emotions. In , Emotions: Currrent issues and future directions. Emotions and social behavior (pp. 192–213). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
(1990). Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 864–877.
(1994). Individual differences in dispositional expressiveness: Development and validation of the Emotional Expressivity Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 934–949.
(1992). Toward a reconsideration of the gender-emotion relationship. In , Review of personality and social psychology (pp.178–201). Beverly Hills: Sage.
(1994). Human emotion: A functional view. In , The nature of emotion (pp. 123–126). New York: Oxford University Press.
. (1993). Handbook of emotions. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
(2001). Emotions and health. In , Emotions: Currrent issues and future directions. Emotions and social behavior (pp. 361–397). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
(1971). Profile of Mood States Manual. San Diego, CA: Educational & Industrial Testing Services.
(2007). Longitudinal relations among parental emotional expressivity and sympathy and prosocial behavior in adolescence. Social Development, 16, 286–309.
(1979). Expressive tendencies and physiological response to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1204 –1210.
(1982). Multivariate Persönlichkeitsforschung. Bern: Huber.
(2002). Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 934–960.
(1993). Socialization of emotion. In , Handbook of emotions (pp. 435–446). New York: Guilford Press.
(1974). The self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526–537.
(1985). The experience and expression of anger. In , Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders (pp. 5–30). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
(1987). Konsistenz und Spezifität: Definition zweier zentraler Begriffe der Differentiellen Psychologie und ein einfaches Modell zu ihrer Identifikation. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 8, 245–258.
(1990). The effects of aggregation across and within occaissions on consistency, specifity and reliability. Methodika, VI, 58–94.
(1999). Latent State-Trait Theory and Research in Personality and Individual Differences. European Journal of Personality, 13, 389–408.
(1993). Multifaceted conceptions of fit in structural equation models. In , Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 10–39). Newbury Park: Sage.
(1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In , Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 681–706). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1990). The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments. Ethology and Sociobiology, 11(4–5), 375–424.
(2007). Individual differences in emotional expressivity predict oxytocin responses to cortisol administration: Relevance to breast cancer? Biological Psychology, 75, 119–123.
(2002). The structure of emotional expressivity: Each emotion counts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1023–1040.
(1988). Development and validation of a brief measure of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1063–1070.
(1983). Development of a questionnaire measure of emotional control. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 27, 299–305.
(1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234–251.
(1965). Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
