Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über Studien zur Planung und Repräsentation von Handlungen mit Werkzeugen. In Abgrenzung zu bisheriger Forschung, die sich vorwiegend mit Prozessen der Bewegungskontrolle bei intransparenten, dem Handelnden nicht unmittelbar einsichtigen Transformationen von Körperbewegungen in entsprechende Werkzeugbewegungen befasst hat, wird besonderes Augenmerk auf frühe Planungsprozesse und auf die mentale Repräsentation von transparenten Beziehungen zwischen Körperbewegungen und Werkzeugbewegungen gelegt. Die Ergebnisse aus Studien zu Vorbereitungseffekten, Sequenzeffekten und bimanueller Koordination bei Werkzeughandlungen sprechen dafür, dass Menschen schon früh im Verlauf der Handlungsplanung eine Repräsentation des zu benutzenden Werkzeugs implementieren. Diese Repräsentation kann als motorisches Schema betrachtet werden, in dem die Werkzeugtransformation, also die allgemeine Beziehung zwischen Körperbewegungen und Werkzeugeffekten, als Invariante fungiert. Studien zur Beobachtung von Werkzeughandlungen zeigen, dass dieses motorische Schema bei der Beobachtung automatisch aktiviert wird. Weitere Untersuchungen sprechen zudem dafür, dass transparente Werkzeugtransformationen genau wie intransparente Werkzeugtransformationen abstrakt repräsentiert sein können und leicht auf andere Bewegungs-Effekt-Instanzen, Werkzeuge mit anderer Mechanik oder auf Handlungen mit einem anderen Effektor generalisieren.
Abstract. The present article provides an overview of studies addressing action planning and action representation in tool use. In contrast to previous research that has mainly focused on learning and control of movement transformations that are intransparent and not immediately comprehensible to the user, the focus is on early processes of action planning and on action representation of transparent relationships between body movements and associated tool movements. The results of a number of studies on precuing effects, sequential effects, and bimanual coordination in tool use suggest that users implement an internal representation of the required tool quite early in action planning. This representation can be described as a motor schema that contains the tool transformation (i.e., the relationship between body movements and associated tool movements) as an invariant. Studies on the observation of tool use show that this motor schema is automatically activated when tool-use actions are observed. In addition, further results suggest that the representation of transparent tool transformations can be as abstract as the representation of intransparent tool transformations, and thus easily generalizes to other movement-effect-instances, to other tools with different mechanical properties, and to actions with a different effector.
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