Skip to main content
Originalia

Emotionsregulation: Überblick und kritische Reflexion des aktuellen Forschungsstandes

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000265

Die Forschung zum Thema Emotionsregulation erfreut sich auch im Bereich der Klinischen Psychologie einer zunehmenden Beliebtheit. Allerdings stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit die Popularität des Konstrukts im Einklang mit dessen Validität und tatsächlicher heuristischer Fruchtbarkeit steht. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, einen aktuellen Überblick über Konzeptualisierungen, Erfassungsmethoden, Befunde zum Zusammenhang mit psychischen Störungen sowie Möglichkeiten der therapeutischen Nutzung des Konzeptes Emotionsregulation zu geben. Aufbauend auf einer kritischen Reflexion bisheriger Konzepte, Vorgehensweisen und Befunde werden Vorschläge gemacht, wie die Validität und die heuristische Fruchtbarkeit des Emotionsregulationsparadigmas weiter gefördert werden können.


Emotion regulation: An overview of and critical reflection on the current state of research

The topic of emotion regulation has become increasingly popular in clinical psychology. However, the question arises to what extent the popularity of the construct is consistent with its validity and actual heuristic value. Thus, the aim of the present review is to provide a current overview of conceptualizations of emotion regulation, of available assessment methods, of research investigating the association between emotion regulation and mental health, and of therapeutic utilizations of the paradigm. Based on a critical reflection of these research areas, suggestions are formulated on how the validity and fruitfulness of this innovative concept can be further enhanced.

Literatur

  • Aldao, A. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 276 – 281. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217 – 237. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Amstadter, A. (2008). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22 (2), 211 – 221. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bach, P. & Hayes, S. C. (2002). The use of acceptance and commitment therapy to prevent the rehospitalization of psychotic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1129 – 1139. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A. & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia scale – II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38 (1), 33 – 40. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R. & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111 (1), 33 – 51. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bankoff, S. M., Karpel, M. G., Forbes, H. E. & Pantalone, D. W. (2012). A systematic review of dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of eating disorders. Eating Disorders, 20, 196 – 215. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Barnow, S. (2012). Emotionsregulation und Psychopathologie. Psychologische Rundschau, 63, 111 – 124. First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Belz-Merk, M. & Caspar, F. (2002). Emotionen in der Verhaltenstherapie. Psychotherapie im Dialog, 2 (3), 2 – 9. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Berking, M. (2010). Training Emotionaler Kompetenzen (2.Aufl.). Heidelberg: Springer. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Berking, M., Margraf, M., Ebert, D., Wupperman, P., Hofmann, S. G. & Junghanns, K. (2011). Deficits in emotion-regulation skills predict alcohol use during and after cognitive–behavioral therapy for alcohol dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 307 – 318. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Berking, M., Meier, C. & Wupperman, P. (2010). Enhancing emotion-regulation skills in police officers: Results of a pilot controlled study. Behavior Therapy, 41, 329 – 39. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Berking, M., Poppe, C., Luhmann, M., Wuppermann, P., Jaggi, V. & Seifritz, E. (2012). Emotion-regulation skills and psychopathology: Is the ability to modify one’s negative emotions the ultimate pathway by which all other skills affect symptoms of mental disorders? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 931 – 937. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Berking, M. & Wupperman, P. (2012). Emotion regulation and mental health: Recent findings, current challenges, and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25, 128 – 134. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Berking, M., Wupperman, P., Reichardt, A., Pejic, T., Dippel, A. & Znoj, H. (2008). Emotion-regulation skills as a treatment target in psychotherapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1230 – 1237. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Berking, M. & Znoj, H.-J. (2008). Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur standardisierten Selbsteinschätzung emotionaler Kompetenzen (SEK-27). Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 56, 141 – 152. First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Birch, C. D., Stewart, S. H., Wall, A.-M., McKee, S. A., Eisnor, S. J. & Theakston, J. A. (2004). Mood-induced increases in alcohol expectancy strength in internally motivated drinkers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18 (3), 231 – 238. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M. & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible. Psychological Science, 15, 482 – 487. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M. & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. HeimbergC. L. TurkD. S. MenninEd., Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77 – 108). New York: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Brockmeyer, T., Holtforth, M. G., Bents, H., Kämmerer, A., Herzog, W. & Friederich, H.-C. (2012). Starvation and emotion regulation in anorexia nervosa. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 496 – 501. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Brody, C. L., Haaga, D. A. F., Kirk, L. & Solomon, A. (1999). Experiences of anger in people who have recovered from depression and never-depressed people. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 400 – 405. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Brown, R. A., Evans, D. M., Miller, I. W., Burgess, E. S. & Mueller, T. I. (1997). Cognitive–behavioral treatment for depression in alcoholism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 715 – 726. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bydlowski, S., Corcos, M., Jeammet, P., Paterniti, S., Berthoz, S., Laurier, C. et al. (2005). Emotion-processing deficits in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37, 321 – 329. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A. & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Acceptability and suppression of negative emotion in anxiety and mood disorders. Emotion, 6, 587 – 595. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Carano, A., Berardis, D. de, Gambi, F., Di Paolo, C., Campanella, D., Pelusi, L. et al. (2006). Alexithymia and body image in adult outpatients with binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 332 – 340. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Catanzaro, S. J. & Mearns, J. (1990). Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: Initial scale development and implications. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 546 – 563. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Catanzaro, S. J., Wasch, H. H., Kirsch, I. & Mearns, J. (2000). Coping related expectancies and dispositions as prospective predictors of coping responses and symptoms. Journal of Personality, 68, 757 – 788. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Chua, J. L., Touyz, S. & Hill, A. J. (2004). Negative mood-induced overeating in obese binge eaters: An experimental study. International Journal of Obesity, 28, 606 – 610. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cisler, J. M. & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14, 182 – 187. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Feldner, M. T. & Forsyth, J. P. (2010). Emotion regulation and the anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32 (1), 68 – 82. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R. & Han, H. (2002). Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1067 – 1074. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cloitre, M., Miranda, R., Stovall-McClough, K. C. & Han, H. (2005). Beyond PTSD: Emotion regulation and interpersonal problems as predictors of functional impairment in survivors of childhood abuse. Behavior Therapy, 36, 119 – 124. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cohen, A. S. & Minor, K. S. (2009). Emotional experience in patients with schizophrenia revisited: Meta-analysis of laboratory studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36 (1), 143 – 150. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Conway, M., Csank, P. A. R., Holm, S. L. & Blake, C. K. (2000). On individual differences in rumination on sadness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 404 – 425. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cooney, N. L., Litt, M. D., Morse, P. A., Bauer, L. O. & Gaupp, L. (1997). Alcohol cue reactivity, negative-mood reactivity, and relapse in treated alcoholic men. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 243 – 250. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cooper, M. L., Frone, M. R., Russell, M. & Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 990 – 1005. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Corstorphine, E., Mountford, V., Tomlinson, S., Waller, G. & Meyer, C. (2007). Distress tolerance in the eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 8 (1), 91 – 97. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., Engel, S. G., Simonich, H., Smyth, J. & Mitchell, J. E. (2009). Daily mood patterns and bulimic behaviors in the natural environment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 181 – 188. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dalrymple, K. L. & Herbert, J. D. (2007). Acceptance and commitment therapy for generalized social anxiety disorder: A pilot study. Behavior Modification, 31, 543 – 568. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • DeGucht, V. & Heiser, W. (2003). Alexithymia and somatisation: A quantitative review of the literature. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54, 425 – 434. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dolhanty, J. & Greenberg, L. (2007). Emotion-focused therapy in the treatment of eating disorders. European Psychotherapy, 7, 97 – 116. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dorn, C., Spindler, G., Kullik, A., Petermann, F. & Barnow, S. (2013). Erfassung von Emotionsregulationsstrategien – eine Übersicht. Psychologische Rundschau, 64, 217 – 227. First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Ebert, D., Christ, O. & Berking, M. (2013). Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur emotionsspezifischen Selbsteinschätzung emotionaler Kompetenzen (SEK-ES). Diagnostica, 59, 17 – 32. First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Ehring, T., Fischer, S., Schnuelle, J., Boesterling, A. & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2008). Characteristics of emotion regulation in recovered depressed versus never depressed individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1574 – 1584. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ehring, T., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Schnülle, J., Fischer, S. & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: Spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal. Emotion, 10, 563 – 572. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ellison, J. A., Greenberg, L. S., Goldman, R. N. & Angus, L. (2009). Maintenance of gains following experiential therapies for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77 (1), 103 – 112. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z. & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A ‘transdiagnostic’ theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 509 – 528. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Falk, D. E., Yi, H.-y. & Hilton, M. E. (2008). Age of onset and temporal sequencing of lifetime DSM-IV alcohol use disorders relative to comorbid mood and anxiety disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 94 (1 – 3), 234 – 245. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Feldman, G., Harley, R., Kerrigan, M., Jacobo, M. & Fava, M. (2009). Change in emotional processing during a dialectical behavior therapy-based skills group for major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 316 – 321. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Finkel, S. E. (2001). Causal analysis with panel data (Sage university papers, Quantitative applications in the social sciences, Vol. 105, 4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Moitra, E., Yeomans, P. D. & Geller, P. A. (2007). A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Behavior Modification, 31, 772 – 799. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Fox, H. C., Axelrod, S. R., Paliwal, P., Sleeper, J. & Sinha, R. (2007). Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control during cocaine abstinence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89 (2 – 3), 298 – 301. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gamble, S. A., Conner, K. R., Talbot, N. L., Yu, Q., Tu, X. M. & Connors, G. J. (2010). Effects of pretreatment and posttreatment depressive symptoms on alcohol consumption following treatment in Project MATCH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71 (1), 71 – 77. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Geiser, C., Eid, M, Nussbeck, FW, Lischetzke, T. & Cole, D. A. (2010). Multitrait-Multimethod-Analyse. In H. HollingB. SchmitzHrsg., Handbuch Statistik, Methoden und Evaluation (Reihe Handbuch der Psychologie, Bd. 13, S. 679 – 685). Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gilbert, P., Baldwin, M. W., Irons, C., Baccus, J. R. & Palmer, M. (2006). Self-criticism and self-warmth: An imagery study exploring their relation to depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20 (2), 183 – 200. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Avnon, L., Zubery, E. & Jeczmien, P. (2006). Emotional processing in eating disorders: Specific impairment or general distress related deficiency? Depression and Anxiety, 23, 331 – 339. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Glenn, C. R. & Klonsky, E. D. (2009). Emotion dysregulation as a core feature of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23 (1), 20 – 28. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Goldman, R. N., Greenberg, L. S. & Angus, L. (2006). The effects of adding emotion-focused interventions to the client-centered relationship conditions in the treatment of depression. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 537 – 549. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gratz, K. L. & Gunderson, J. G. (2006). Preliminary data on acceptance-based emotion regulation group intervention for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Behavior Therapy, 37 (1), 25 – 35. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26 (1), 41 – 54. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gratz, K. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Tull, M. T., Lejuez, C. W. & Gunderson, J. G. (2006). An experimental investigation of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 850 – 855. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gratz, K. L. & Tull, M. T. (2010). Emotion regulation as a mechanism of change in acceptance-and mindfulness-based treatments. In R. A. BaerEd., Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: Illuminating the theory and practice of change (pp. 107 – 134). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Grawe, K. (2004). Neuropsychotherapie. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Greenberg, L. S. (2004). Emotion-focused therapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 3 – 16. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Greenberg, L. S. & Watson, J. (1998). Experiential therapy of depression: Differential effects of client-centered relationship conditions and process experiential interventions. Psychotherapy Research, 8, 210 – 224. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gross, J. J. (1998a). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271 – 299. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gross, J. J. (1998b). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (1), 224 – 237. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gross, J. J. (Ed.). (2007). Handbook of Emotion Regulation. New York, NY: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gross, J. J. & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348 – 362. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gross, J. J. & Muñoz, R. F. (1995). Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2 (2), 151 – 164. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gross, J. J. & Thompson, R. (2007). Emotion Regulation: Conceptual Foundations. In J. J. GrossEd., Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 3 – 24). New York: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Harley, R., Sprich, S., Safren, S., Jacobo, M. & Fava, M. (2008). Adaptation of dialectical behavior therapy skills training group for treatment-resistant depression. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196 (2), 136 – 143. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Harrison, A., Sullivan, S., Tchanturia, K. & Treasure, J. (2009). Emotion recognition and regulation in anorexia nervosa. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 16, 348 – 356. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D. et al. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54, 553 – 578. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Henry, J. D., Green, M. J., Lucia, A. de, Restuccia, C., McDonald, S. & O’Donnell, M. (2007). Emotion dysregulation in schizophrenia: Reduced amplification of emotional expression is associated with emotional blunting. Schizophrenia Research, 95 (1 – 3), 197 – 204. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hesslinger, B., Tebartz Elst, L. van, Nyberg, E., Dykierek, P., Richter, H., Berner, M. et al. (2002). Psychotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 252 (4), 177 – 184. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hilbert, A. & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2007). Maintenance of binge eating through negative mood: A naturalistic comparison of binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 521 – 530. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hodgins, D. C., el-Guebaly, N. & Armstrong, S. (1995). Prospective and retrospective reports of mood states before relapse to substance use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 400 – 407. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A. & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 169 – 183. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hollon, S. D., Muñoz, R. F., Barlow, D. H., Beardslee, W. R., Bell, C. C., Bernal, G. et al. (2002). Psychosocial intervention development for the prevention and treatment of depression: Promoting innovation and increasing access. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 610 – 630. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Honkalampi, K., Saarinen, P., Hintikka, J., Virtanen, V. & Viinamäki, H. (1999). Factors associated with alexithymia in patients suffering from depression. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 68, 270 – 275. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Johnson, S. M., Hunsley, J., Greenberg, L. & Schindler, D. (1999). Emotionally focused couples therapy: Status and challenges. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6 (1), 67 – 79. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Joormann, J. & D’Avanzato, C. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Examining the role of cognitive processes. Cognition & Emotion, 24, 913 – 939. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Juarascio, A. S., Forman, E. M. & Herbert, J. D. (2010). Acceptance and commitment therapy versus cognitive therapy for the treatment of comorbid eating pathology. Behavior Modification, 34, 175 – 190. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kassel, J. D., Bornovalova, M. & Mehta, N. (2007). Generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation predict change in anxiety and depression among college students. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 939 – 950. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 23 (1), 4 – 41. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kraaij, V., Pruymboom, E. & Garnefski, N. (2002). Cognitive coping and depressive symptoms in the elderly: A longitudinal study. Aging & Mental Health, 6, 275 – 281. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kring, A. M. & Werner, K. H. (2004). Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology. In P. PhilippotR. S. FeldmanEd., The regulation of emotion (pp. 359 – 385). Mahwah, NJ US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kuo, J. R. & Linehan, M. M. (2009). Disentangling emotion processes in borderline personality disorder: Physiological and self-reported assessment of biological vulnerability, baseline intensity, and reactivity to emotionally evocative stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 531 – 544. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kupfer, J., Brosig, B. & Brähler, E. (2001). Toronto-Alexithymie-Skala-26. Deutsche Version (TAS-26). Manual. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L. & Riedel, R. (1998). Sociodemographic correlates of alexithymia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39, 377 – 385. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Larsen, R. J. (2000). Toward a science of mood regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11 (3), 129 – 141. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Laux, L., Glanzmann, P., Schaffner, P. & Spielberger, C.D. (1981). State-Trait-Angstinventar (STAI): Weinheim: Beltz. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Leahy, R. L. (2002). A model of emotional schemas. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 177 – 190. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Leible, T. L. & Snell, W. E. (2004). Borderline personality disorder and multiple aspects of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 393 – 404. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Levine, D., Marziali, E. & Hood, J. (1997). Emotion processing in borderline personality disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 240 – 246. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Liverant, G. I., Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H. & Roemer, L. (2008). Emotion regulation in unipolar depression: The effects of acceptance and suppression of subjective emotional experience on the intensity and duration of sadness and negative affect. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1201 – 1209. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Livingstone, K., Harper, S. & Gillanders, D. (2009). An exploration of emotion regulation in psychosis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 16, 418 – 430. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lumley, M. A., Stettner, L. & Wehmer, F. (1996). How are alexithymia and physical illness linked? A review and critique of pathways. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 505 – 518. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lynch, T., Morse, J., Mendelson, T. & Robins, C. (2003). Dialectical behavior therapy for depressed older adults: A randomized pilot study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 33 – 45. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lynch, T. R., Trost, W. T., Salsman, N. & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Annual Reviews in Clinical Psychology, 3 (1), 181 – 205. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Matt, G. E., Vazquez, C. & Campbell, W. K. (1992). Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychological Review, 12, 227 – 255. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • McRae, K., Heller, S. M., John, O. P. & Gross, J. J. (2011). Context-dependent emotion regulation: Suppression and reappraisal at the burning man festival. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33, 346 – 350. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L. & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1281 – 1310. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Nemiah, J. C. & Sifneos, P. E. (1970). Psychosomatic illness: A problem in communication. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 18 (1 – 6), 154 – 160. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Niedtfeld, I., Schulze, L., Kirsch, P., Herpertz, S. C., Bohus, M. & Schmahl, C. (2010). Affect regulation and pain in borderline personality disorder: A possible link to the understanding of self-injury. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 383 – 391. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Novick-Kline, P., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., Hoyt, E. A. & Gallagher, C. L. (2005). Level of emotional awareness as a differentiating variable between individuals with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 557 – 572. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Paivio, S. C. & Greenberg, L. S. (1995). Resolving “unfinished business”: Efficacy of experiential therapy using empty-chair dialogue. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 419 – 425. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Paivio, S. C. & Nieuwenhuis, J. A. (2001). Efficacy of emotion focused therapy for adult survivors of child abuse: A preliminary study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14 (1), 115 – 133. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Peñas-Lledó, E., Vaz Leal, F. J. & Waller, G. (2002). Excessive exercise in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: Relation to eating characteristics and general psychopathology. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 370 – 375. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Powers, M. B., Zum Vörde Sive Vörding, M. B. & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2009). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78 (2), 73 – 80. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rasting, M., Brosig, B. & Beutel, M. E. (2005). Alexithymic characteristics and patient-therapist interaction: A video analysis of facial affect display. Psychopathology, 38 (3), 105 – 111. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rindermann, H. (2009). Emotionale-Kompetenz-Fragebogen (EKF). Manual. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Roedema, T. & Simons, R.F. (1999). Emotion-processing deficit in alexithymia. Psychophysiology, 36, 379 – 387. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rude, S. S. & McCarthy, C. T. (2003). Emotional functioning in depressed and depression-vulnerable college students. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 799 – 806. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Saarni, C. (1999). The development of emotional competence (The Guilford series on social and emotional development). New York: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Salbach-Andrae, H., Bohnekamp, I., Bierbaum, T., Schneider, N., Thurn, C., Stiglmayr, C. et al. (2009). Dialektisch Behaviorale Therapie (DBT) und Kognitiv Behaviorale Therapie (CBT) für Jugendliche mit Anorexia und Bulimia Nervosa im Vergleich: Eine randomisierte Studie mit Wartekontrollgruppe. Kindheit und Entwicklung, 18, 180 – 190. First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C. & Palfai, T. P. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. In J. W. PennebakerEd., Emotion, disclosure, & health (pp. 125 – 154). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Schulze, L., Domes, G., Krüger, A., Berger, C., Fleischer, M., Prehn, K. et al. (2011). Neuronal correlates of cognitive reappraisal in borderline patients with affective instability. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 564 – 573. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Schwenkmezger, P., Hodapp, V. & Spielberger, C.D. (1992). State-Trait-Ärgerausdrucks-Inventar (STAXI). Bern: Hans Huber. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sim, L. & Zeman, J. (2005). Emotion regulation factors as mediators between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms in early adolescent girls. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 478 – 496. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sinha, R., Fox, H. C., Hong, K. A., Bergquist, K., Bhagwagar, Z. & Siedlarz, K. M. (2009). Enhanced negative emotion and alcohol craving, and altered physiological responses following stress and cue exposure in alcohol dependent individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 1198 – 1208. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Smyth, J. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Heron, K. E., Sliwinski, M. J., Crosby, R. D., Mitchell, J. E. et al. (2007). Daily and momentary mood and stress are associated with binge eating and vomiting in bulimia nervosa patients in the natural environment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 629 – 638. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Smyth, J. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Sliwinski, M. J., Crosby, R. D., Engel, S. G., Mitchell, J. E. et al. (2009). Ecological momentary assessment of affect, stress, and binge-purge behaviors: Day of week and time of day effects in the natural environment. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42, 429 – 436. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Staiger, P. K., Melville, F., Hides, L., Kambouropoulos, N. & Lubman, D. I. (2009). Can emotion-focused coping help explain the link between posttraumatic stress disorder severity and triggers for substance use in young adults? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36, 220 – 226. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Steil, R., Dyer, A., Priebe, K., Kleindienst, N. & Bohus, M. (2011). Dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: A pilot study of an intensive residential treatment program. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24 (1), 102 – 106. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Stein, R. I., Kenardy, J., Wiseman, C. V., Dounchis, J. Z., Arnow, B. A. & Wilfley, D. E. (2007). What’s driving the binge in binge eating disorder? A prospective examination of precursors and consequences. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 195 – 203. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Strauss, G. P., Kappenman, E. S., Culbreth, A. J., Catalano, L. T., Lee, B. G. & Gold, J. M. (2013). Emotion regulation abnormalities in schizophrenia: Cognitive change strategies fail to decrease the neural response to unpleasant stimuli. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39, 872 – 883. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Subič-Wrana, C., Beutel, M. E., Knebel, A. & Lane, R. D. (2010). Theory of mind and emotional awareness deficits in patients with somatoform disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 404 – 411. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Subič-Wrana, C., Bruder, S., Thomas, W., Gaus, E., Merkle, W. & Köhle, K. (2002). Verteilung des Persönlichkeitsmerkmals Alexithymie bei Patienten in stationärer psychosomatischer Behandlung – gemessen mit TAS-20 und LEAS. [Distribution of alexithymia as a personality-trait in psychosomatically ill in-patients – measured with TAS-20 and LEAS.]. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 52, 454 – 460. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Subič-Wrana, C., Bruder, S., Thomas, W., Lane, R. D. & Köhle, K. (2005). Emotional awareness deficits in inpatients of a psychosomatic ward: A comparison of two different measures of alexithymia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 483 – 489. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sulz, S. K. D. (2011). Emotionsregulationstraining. In M. LindenM. HautzingerHrsg., Verhaltenstherapiemanual (S. 127 – 132). Berlin: Springer. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sulz, S. K. D. & Fiedler, P. (2000). Von der Kognition zur Emotion. Psychotherapie mit Gefühlen. München: CIP-Medien. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Svaldi, J., Caffier, D. & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2010). Emotion suppression but not reappraisal increases desire to binge in women with binge eating disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 79 (3), 188 – 190. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Swendsen, J. D., Tennen, H., Carney, M. A., Affleck, G., Willard, A. & Hromi, A. (2000). Mood and alcohol consumption: An experience sampling test of the self-medication hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109 (2), 198 – 204. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Taylor, G. J., Ryan, D. & Bagby, M. (1985). Toward the development of a new self-report alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 44 (4), 191 – 199. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2 – 3), 25 – 52. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tragesser, S. L., Solhan, M., Brown, W. C., Tomko, R. L., Bagge, C. & Trull, T. J. (2010). Longitudinal associations in borderline personality disorder features: Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines—Revised (DIB-R) scores over time. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24, 377 – 391. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tull, M. T., Barrett, H. M., McMillan, E. S. & Roemer, L. (2007). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 38, 303 – 313. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tull, M. T., Stipelman, B. A., Salters-Pedneault, K. & Gratz, K. L. (2009). An examination of recent non-clinical panic attacks, panic disorder, anxiety sensitivity, and emotion regulation difficulties in the prediction of generalized anxiety disorder in an analogue sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 275 – 282. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Luterek, J. A., Mennin, D. S. & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29 (1), 89 – 106. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Waller, E. & Scheidt, C. E. (2004). Somatoform disorders as disorders of affect regulation: A study comparing the TAS-20 with non-self-report measures of alexithymia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 239 – 247. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Waller, E. & Scheidt, C. E. (2006). Somatoform disorders as disorders of affect regulation: A development perspective. International Review of Psychiatry, 18 (1), 13 – 24. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A. & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063 – 1070. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Watt, M., Stewart, S., Birch, C. & Bernier, D. (2006). Brief CBT for high anxiety sensitivity decreases drinking problems, relief alcohol outcome expectancies, and conformity drinking motives: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Mental Health, 15, 683 – 695. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Westen, D. & Blagov, P. (2007). A clinical-empirical model of emotion regulation: From defense and motivated reasoning to emotional constraint satisfaction. In J. J. GrossEd., Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 373 – 392). New York: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Westen, D., Muderrisoglu, S., Fowler, C., Shedler, J. & Koren, D. (1997). Affect regulation and affective experience: Individual differences, group differences, and measurement using a Q-sort procedure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 429 – 439. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wetherell, J. L., Afari, N., Rutledge, T., Sorrell, J. T., Stoddard, J. A., Petkus, A. J. et al. (2011). A randomized, controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Pain, 152, 2098 – 2107. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Whiteside, U., Chen, E., Neighbors, C., Hunter, D., Lo, T. & Larimer, M. (2007). Difficulties regulating emotions: Do binge eaters have fewer strategies to modulate and tolerate negative affect? Eating Behaviors, 8 (2), 162 – 169. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wild, B., Eichler, M., Feiler, S., Friederich, H.-C., Hartmann, M., Herzog, W. et al. (2007). Dynamic analysis of electronic diary data of obese patients with and without binge eating disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 250 – 252. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Willinger, U., Lenzinger, E., Hornik, K., Fischer, G., Schönbeck, G., Aschauer, H. N. et al. (2002). Anxiety as a predictor of relapse in detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 37, 609 – 612. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wolff, S., Stiglmayr, C., Bretz, H. J., Lammers, C.-H. & Auckenthaler, A. (2007). Emotion identification and tension in female patients with borderline personality disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 347 – 360. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wupperman, P., Neumann, C. S., Whitman, J. B. & Axelrod, S. R. (2009). The role of mindfulness in borderline personality disorder features. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 766 – 771. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Yen, S., Zlotnick, C. & Costello, E. (2002). Affect regulation in women with borderline personality disorder traits. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 693 – 696. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar