Abstract
Abstract The influence of selective attention on P50 gating - the decline of the amplitude of the P50 component of the auditory evoked potential (AEP) to the second of a pair of clicks - was examined. Three conditions were presented in counterbalanced order to 29 healthy volunteers: a baseline condition, in which the double click was presented and no specific task was required, an attention condition in which attention to the clicks was required, and a distraction condition in which paired clicks were presented during rehearsal time of a reversed digit span task. P50 gating, as measured with ratio and difference scores, did not differ across the three conditions. However, the amplitude of the N100 showed an increase in the attention condition compared to the two nonattention conditions, supporting the validity of our task manipulations. The data on P50 demonstrate that P50 gating is not affected by attentional manipulations.
References
Adler, L.E. , Pachtman, E. , Franks, R.D. , Pecevich, M. , Waldo, M.C. , Freedman, R. (1982). Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in neuronal mechanisms involved in sensory gating in schizophrenia.. Biological Psychiatry, 17, 639– 654 .Adler, L.E. , Waldo, M.C. , Freedman, R. (1985). Neurophysiological studies of sensory gating in schizophrenia: Comparison of auditory and visual responses.. Biological Psychiatry, 20, 1284– 1296 .Arnfred, S.M. , Eder, D.N. , Hemmingsen, R.P. , Glenthøj, B.Y. , Chen, A.C.N. (2001a). Gating of the vertex somatosensory and auditory evoked potential P50 and the correlation to skin conductance orienting response in healthy men.. Psychiatry Research, 101, 221– 235 .Arnfred, S.M. , Chen, A.C.N. , Eder, D.N. , Glenthøj, B.Y. , Hemmingsen, R.P. (2001b). A mixed modality paradigm for recording somatosensory and auditory P50 gating.. Psychiatry Research, 105, 79– 86 .Bartko, J.J. , Carpenter, W.T. (1976). On methods and theory of reliability.. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 163, 307– 317 .Coles, M.G.H. , Rugg, M.D. Eds. (1995). Electrophysiology of mind. Event-related brain potentials and cognition. . Oxford: Oxford University Press. .Coull, J.T. (1998). Neural correlates of attention and arousal: Insights from electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging and psychopharmacology.. Progress in Neurobiology, 55, 343– 361 .De Bruin, N.M.W.J. , Ellenbroek, B.A. , Cools, A.R. , Coenen, A.M.L. , van Luijtelaar, E.L.J.M. (1999). Differential effects of ketamine on gating of auditory evoked potentials and prepulse inhibition in rats.. Psychopharmacology, 142, 9– 17 .Dupont, W.P. , Plummer, W.D. (1990). Power and sample size calculations: A review and computer program.. Controlled Clinical Trials, 11, 116– 128 .Ellenbroek, B.A. , Van Luijtelaar, G. , Frenken, M. , Cools, A.R. (1999). Sensory gating in rats: Lack of correlation between auditory evoked gating and prepulse inhibition.. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 777– 788 .Ellenbroek, B.A. , Sams-Dodd, F. , Cools, A.R. (2000). Simulation models for schizophrenia.. In B.A. Ellenbroek, & A.R. Cools (Eds.), Atypical antipsychotics. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag. .Hackley, S.A. (1993). An evaluation of the automaticity of sensory processing using event-related potentials and brain stem reflexes.. Psychophysiology, 30, 415– 428 .Hillyard, S.A. , Hink, R.F. , Schwent, V.L. , Picton, T.W. (1973). Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain.. Science, 182, 177– 180 .Freedman, R. , Waldo, M. , Waldo, C.I. , Wilson, J.R. (1987). Genetic influences on the effects of alcohol on auditory evoked potentials.. Alcohol, 4, 249– 253 .Guterman, Y. , Josiassen, R.C. (1994). Sensory gating deviance in schizophrenia in the context of task related effects.. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 18, 1– 12 .Guterman, Y. , Josiassen, R.C. , Bashore, T.R.J. (1992). Attentional influence on the P50 component of the auditory event-related brain potential.. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 12, 197– 209 .Jasper, H.H. (1958). The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation.. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 10, 371– 375 .Jerger, K. , Biggins, C. , Fein, G. (1992). P50 suppression is not affected by attentional manipulations.. Biological Psychiatry, 31, 365– 377 .Judd, L. , McAdams, L. , Budnick, B. , Braff, D. (1992). Sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia: New results.. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 488– 493 .Kisley, M.A. , Olincy, A. , Freedman, R. (2001). The effect of state on sensory gating: Comparison of waking, REM and non-REM sleep.. Clinical Neurophysiology, 112, 1154– 1165 .Light, G.A. , Braff, D.L. (1998). The “incredible shrinking” P50 event-related potential.. Biological Psychiatry, 3, 918– 920 .Mangun, G.R. , Hillyard, S.A. (1995). Mechanisms and models of selective attention.. In M.G.H. Coles & M.D. Rugg (Eds.), Electrophysiology of mind. Event-related potentials and cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .Näätänen, R. , Teder, W. (1991). Attention effects on the auditory event-related potential.. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 491, 161– 166 .Nagamoto, H.T. , Adler, L.E. , Waldo, M.C. , Freedman, R. (1989). Sensory gating in schizophrenics and normal controls: Effects of changing stimulation interval.. Biological Psychiatry, 25, 549– 561 .Neylan, T.C. , Fletcher, D.J. , Lenoci, M. , McCallin, K. , Weiss, D.S. , Schoenfeld, F.B. , Marmar, C.R. , Fein, G. (1999). Sensory gating in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Reduced auditory P50 suppression in combat veterans.. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 1656– 64 .Picton, T.W. , Bentin, S. , Berg, P. , Donchin, E. , Hillyard, S.A. , Johnson jr., R. , Miller, G.A. , Ritter, W. , Ruchkin, D.S. , Rugg, M.D. , Taylor, M.J. (2000). Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recording standards and publication criteria. (Committee Report).. Psychophysiology, 37, 127– 152 .Smith, D.A. , Boutros, N.N. , Schwarzkopf, S.B. (1994). Reliability of P50 auditory event related potential indices of sensory gating.. Psychophysiology, 31, 495– 502 .Waldo, M.C. , Freedman, R. (1986). Gating of auditory evoked responses in normal college students.. Psychiatry Research, 19, 233– 239 .van Luijtelaar, E.L. , Miller, C.A. , Coenen, A.M. , Drinkenburg, W.H. , Ellenbroek, B.A. (1998). Differential effects of non-REM and REM sleep on sensory gating in rats.. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Warsz), 58, 263– 70 .White, P.M. , Yee, C.M. (1997). Effects of attentional and stressor manipulations on the P50 gating response.. Psychophysiology, 34, 703– 711 .Yee, C.M. , White, P.M. (2001). Experimental modification of P50 suppression.. Psychophysiology, 38, 531– 539 .