Abstract
Abstract. In an S1-S2 Go/NoGo task the impact of slow potentials following S1, particularly the late component of the contingent negative variation (CNV), on the following cognitive-processing waveforms to S2 (e.g., N2 and P3) remains unclear. A common method to correct for these confounding slow waves has used a forced baseline shortly before S2. The impact of this on ERP measures relating to S2 is unclear. An earlier method of CNV correction, devised to remove its effect on P3 measures by using different baselines for each condition, appears questionable. This study explored the removal of the CNV from both Go and NoGo waveforms to clarify the sensory and cognitive components elicited by S2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on the ERP means, and a component relating to the CNV was subtracted from each subject's raw data for each site and condition. Results showed that this effectively removed the CNV without distortion of the S2 ERP morphology. This technique may prove useful in the analysis of the N2 and P3 as indicators of processes involved in response inhibition.
References
Bokura, H. , Yamaguchi, S. , Kobayashi, S. (2001). Electrophysiological correlates for response inhibition in a Go/NoGo task. Clinical Neurophysiology, 112, 2224– 2232 .Bruin, K.J. , Wijers, A.A. , van Staveren, A.S.J. (2001). Response priming in a go/nogo task: Do we have to explain the go/nogo N2 effect in terms of response activation instead of inhibition?. Clinical Neurophysiology, 112, 1660– 1671 .Eimer, M. (1993). Effects of attention and stimulus probability on ERPs in a Go/Nogo task. Biological Psychology, 35, 123– 138 .Falkenstein, M. , Hoormann, J. , Hohnsbein, J. (1999). ERP components in Go/Nogo task and their relation to inhibition. Acta Psychologica, 101, 267– 291 .Fallgatter, A.J. , Strik, W.K. (1999). The NoGo-anteriorization as a neurophysiological standard-index for cognitive response control. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 32, 233– 238 .Fox, A.M. , Michie, P.T. , Wynne, C.D.L. , Mayberry, M.T. (2000). ERP correlates of response inhibition to elemental and configural stimuli in a negative patterning task. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 111, 1045– 1053 .Haig, A.R. , Gordon, E. , Rogers, G. , Anderson, J. (1995). Classification of single-trial ERP sub-types: Application of globally optimal vector quantization using simulated annealing. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 94, 288– 297 .Jodo, E. , Kayama, Y. (1992). Relation of a negative ERP component to response inhibition in a go/no-go task. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 82, 477– 482 .Johnson, J.R. (1993). On the neural generators of the P300 component of the event-related potential. Psychophysiology, 30, 90– 97 .Johnstone, S.J. , Barry, R.J. (1999). An investigation of the event-related slow-wave potential (0.01-2Hz) in normal children. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 32, 15– 34 .Kaiser, J. , Bruder, G.E. , Friedman, D. , Tenke, C.E. , Amador, X.F. , Clark, S.C. , Malaspina, D. , Gorman, J.M. (1999). Brain event-related potentials (ERPs) in schizophrenia during a word recognition memory task. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 34, 249– 265 .Karlin, L. , Martz, M.J. , Mordkoff, A.M. (1970). Motor performance and sensory-evoked potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 28, 307– 313 .Keifer, M. , Marzinzik, F. , Weisbrod, M. , Scherg, M. , Spitzer, M. (1998). The time course of brain activations during response inhibition: Related potentials in a go/no go task of brain activations during response inhibition; related potentials in a go/no go task. NeuroReport, 9, 765– 770 .Kok, A. (1986). Effects of degradation of visual stimuli on components of the event-related potential (ERP) in Go/NoGo reaction tasks. Biological Psychology, 23, 21– 38 .Kopp, B. , Mattler, U. , Goetz, R. , Rist, F. (1996). N2, P3, and the lateralized readiness potential in a nogo task involving selective response priming. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 99, 19– 27 .Looren de Jong, H. , Kok, A. , van Rooy, J.C.G.M. (1988). Early and late selection in young and old adults: An event-related potential study. Psychophysiology, 25, 657– 671 .Mäntysalo, S. (1987). N2 and P3 of the ERP to Go and Nogo stimuli: A stimulus-response association and dissociation. In R. Johnson Jr., J.W. Rohrbaugh, & R. Parasuraman, (Eds.), Current trends in event-related potential research: Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology supplement 40, (pp.227-234). Amsterdam: Elsevier .Pascual-Marqui, R.M. , Michel, C. , Lehman, D. (1994). Low resolution electromagnetic tomography: A new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 18, 49– 65 .Pfefferbaum, A. , Ford, J.M. , Weller, B.J. , Kopell, B.S. (1985). ERPs to response production and inhibition. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 60, 423– 434 .Pfefferbaum, A. , Ford, J.M. (1988). ERPs to stimuli requiring response production and inhibition: Effects of age, probability, and visual noise. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 71, 55– 63 .Roberts, L.E. , Rau, H. , Lutzenberger, W. , Birbaumer, N. (1994). Mapping P300 waves onto inhibition: Go/No-Go discrimination. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 92, 44– 55 .Scherg, M. , Von Cramon, D. (1986). Evoked dipole source potentials of the human auditory cortex. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 65, 344– 360 .Simson, R. , Vaughan, H.G. , Ritter, W. (1977). The scalp topography of potentials in auditory and visual Go/NoGo tasks. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 43, 864– 875 .Strik, W.K. , Fallgatter, A.J. , Brandeis, D. , Pascual-Marqui, R.D. (1998). Three-dimensional tomography of event-related potentials during response inhibition: Evidence for phasic frontal lobe activation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 108, 406– 413 .Tabachnick, B.G. , Fidell, L.S. (1989). Using Multivariate Statistics . New York: Harper Collins .Tekok-Kilic, A. , Schucard, J.L. , Schucard, D.W. (2001). Stimulus modality and Go/NoGo effects on P3 during parallel visual and auditory continuous performance tasks. Psychophysiology, 38, 578– 589 .Walter, W.G. , Cooper, R. , Aldridge, V.J. , McCallum, W.C. , Winter (1964). Contingent Negative Variation: An electric sign of sensori-motor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature, 203, 380– 384 .Wood, D.L. (1990). The physiological basis of selective attention: Implications of event-related potential studies. In J.W. Rohrbaugh, R. Parasuraman, & R. Johnson (Eds.), Event-related brain potentials: Basic issues and applications (pp.178-209). New York: Oxford University Press .
