Skip to main content
Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.14.1.62

This paper describes the status of multicultural assessment training, research, and practice in the United States. Racism, politicization of issues, and demands for equity in assessment of psychopathology and personality description have created a climate of controversy. Some sources of bias provide an introduction to major assessment issues including service delivery, moderator variables, modifications of standard tests, development of culture-specific tests, personality theory and cultural/racial identity description, cultural formulations for psychiatric diagnosis, and use of findings, particularly in therapeutic assessment. An assessment-intervention model summarizes this paper and suggests dimensions that compel practitioners to ask questions meriting research attention and providing avenues for developments of culturally competent practice.

References

  • Allison, K.W. Crawford, I. Echemendia, R. Robinson, L. Kemp, D. (1994). Human diversity and professional competence: Training in clinical and counseling psychology revisited. American Psychologist, 49, 792– 796 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Allison, K.W. Echemendia, R.J. Crawford, I. Robinson, W.L. (1996). Predicting cultural experience: Implications for practice and training. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 386– 393 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Altarriba, J. Santiago-Rivera, A.L. (1994). Current perspectives on using linguistic and cultural factors in counseling the Hispanic client. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 388– 397 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (1985). Standards for educational and psychological testing . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • American Psychological Association (1992). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 47, 1597– 1611 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Arnold, B.R. Montgomery, G.T. Castenada, I. Longoria, R. (1994). Acculturation and performance of Hispanics on selected Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological tests. Assessment, 1, 239– 248 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Azibo, D.A.Y. (1988). Understanding the proper and improper usage of the comparative research framework. Journal of Black Psychology, 15, 81– 91 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bennett, M.J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 176– 196 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Berry, J.W. (1989). Psychology of acculturation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 39, 201– 234 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Berry, J.W. Kim, U. (1988). Acculturation and mental health. In P.R. Dasen, J.W. Berry, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Health and cross-cultural psychology: Toward applications (pp. 207-236). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Castillo, R.J. (1996). Culture and mental illness: A client-centered approach . Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cervantes, R.C. Padilla, A.M. Salgado de Synder, N. (1991). The Hispanic Stress Inventory: A culturally relevant approach to psychosocial assessment. Psychological Assessment, 3, 438– 447 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Charles, K. (1988). Culture-specific MMPI norms for a sample of Northern Ontario Indians . Unpublished master's thesis, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Costantino, G. Malgady, R.G. Rogler, L.H. (1988). TEMAS (Tell-Me-A-Story) manual . Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cuellar, I. Arnold, B. Gonzalez, G. (1995). Cognitive referents of acculturation: Assessment of cultural constructs in Mexican Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 339– 356 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cuellar, I. Arnold, B. Maldonado, R. (1995). Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II: A revision of the original ARSMA scale. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 17, 275– 304 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1982). A human science model for personality assessment with projective techniques . Springfield, IL: Thomas First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1985). A service-delivery paradigm for personality assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 598– 604 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1993). Multicultural assessment perspectives for professional psychology . Boston: Allyn & Bacon First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1994). Testing and assessment ethics for all persons: Beginning and agenda. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 349– 354 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1995a). Culturally competent MMPI assessment of Hispanic populations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 17, 305– 319 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1995b). Orientaciones para la evaluacion de hispanos en los Estados Unidos de Norteamerica utilizando la prueba de rorschach y el Test de Apercepcion Tematica. Revista de la Sociedad Espanola del Rorschach y Methodes Proyectivos, 8, 176– 187 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1996). Silk purse or sow's ear: A reply to Velasquez, R.J., Butcher, J.N., Garrido, M., Cayiba, J.J. (1996) Dana's culturally competent MMPI assessment of Hispanics: A case of “rounding up the usual suspects.” . Unpublished manuscripts First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1996b). Assessment of acculturation in Hispanic populations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science, 18, 317– 328 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1996c). Culturally competent assessment practice in the United States. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 472– 487 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1996, March). Culturally competent assessment of visible racial/ethnic groups: 1996 . Symposium conducted at the midwinter meeting of the Society for Personality Assessment, Denver, Co First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. 1997, in press a Cultural identity assessment of culturally diverse groups: 1997. Journal of Personality Assessment, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. 1997, in press b Personality and the culture self: Emic and etic contexts as learning resources. In L. Handler, & M. Hilsenroth (Eds.), Teaching and learning personality assessment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. 1997, in press c Understanding cultural identity in assessment and intervention . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1997, submitted a). A cultural self is necessary for mental health: Loss and recovery of cultural identity. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1997, submitted b). Managed mental health care for multicultural populations: Occam's razor and quality of care. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. (1997, submitted c). Projective assessment of Latinos in the United States: Current realities, prospects, and problems. Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dana, R.H. Hinman, S. Bolton, B. (1977). Dimensions of examinees' response to the Rorschach: An empirical synthesis. Psychological Reports, 40, 1147– 1153 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Diaz-Guerrero, R. Diaz-Loving, R. (1990). Interpretation in cross-cultural personality assessment. In C.R. Reynolds & R.W. Kamphaus (Eds.), Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children: Personality, behavior, and context (pp. 491-522). New York: Guilford First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ellis, B. (1989). Differential item functioning: Implications for translators. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 912– 921 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ephraim, D. Sochting, I. Marcia, J.E. (1997). Cultural norms for TAT narratives in psychological practice and research: Illustrative studies. In I.B. Weiner (Ed.), Rorschachiana XXII (pp. 13-37). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fabrega, H., Jr. (1991). Somatization in cultural and historical perspective. In L.J. Kirmayer & J.M. Robbins (Eds.), Current concepts of somatization: Research and clinical perspectives (pp. 181-199). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Flaskerud, J.H. Liu, P. (1991). Influence of therapist ethnicity and language on therapy outcomes of Southeast Asian clients. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 36, 18– 29 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Geisinger, K.F. Ed. (1992). sychological testing of Hispanics . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Geisinger, K.F. (1995). Cross-cultural normative assessment: Translations and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 6, 304– 312 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Helmes, E. Reddon, J.R. (1993). A perspective on developments in assessing psychopathology: A critical review of the MMPI and MMPI-2. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 453– 471 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Helms, J.E. (1992). Why is there no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing?. American Psychologist, 47, 1083– 1101 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hsu, F.L.K. (1971). Psychosocial homeostasis and Jen: Conceptual tools for advancing psychological anthropology. American Anthropologist, 73, 23– 44 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kirk, S.A. Kutchens, H. (1992). The selling of DSM: The rhetoric of science in psychiatry . Hawthorne, NJ: Aldine de Gruyter First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kleinman, A. (1988). Rethinking psychiatry: From clinical category to personal experience . New York: Free Press First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Leung, K. Bond, M.H. (1989). On the empirical identification of dimensions for cross-cultural comparisons. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20, 133– 151 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Li-Repac, D. (1980). Cultural influences on perception: A comparison between Caucasian and Chinese-American therapists. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 11, 327– 342 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Malgady, R.G. (1996). The question of cultural bias in assessment and diagnosis of ethnic minority clients: Let's reject the Null Hypothesis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 73-77. NIMH-Sponsored Group on Culture and Diagnosis. (1993, January). Cultural proposals and supporting papers for DSM-IV (3rd rev. ed.). Pittsburgh, PA: Department of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Okazaki, S. (1997, in press). Psychological assessment of Asian American: Research agenda for cultural competency. Journal of Personality, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Okazaki, S. Sue, S. (1995). Methodological issues in assessment research with ethnic minorities. Psychological Assessment, 7, 367– 375 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Olmedo, E.L. (1979). Acculturation: A psychometric perspective. American Psychologist, 34, 1061– 1071 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Padilla, A.M. Lindholm, K.J. Chen, A. Duran, R. Hakuta, K. Lambert, W. Tucker, G.R. (1991). The English-only movement: Myths, reality, and implications for psychology. American Psychologist, 46, 120– 130 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Paniagua, F.A. (1994). Assessing and treating culturally diverse clients: A practical guide . Thousand, Oaks, CA: Sage First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Piotrowski, C. (1997, in press). The impact of managed care on the practice of psychological testing: A survey. Journal of Personality Assessment, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pope-Davis, D.B. Coleman, H.L.K. Eds. (1997). Multicultural counseling competencies: Assessment, education and training, and supervision . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ramirez, M., III. (1983). Psychology of the Americas: Mestizo perspectives on personality and mental health . New York: Pergamon First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sodowsky, G.R. Impara, J.C. Eds. (1996). Multicultural assessment in counseling and clinical psychology . Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurement First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sue, S. Zane, N. (1987). The role of culture and cultural techniques in psychotherapy: A critique and reformulation. American Psychologist, 42, 37– 45 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Suzuki, L.A. Meller, P.J. Ponterotto, J.G. Eds. (1996). Handbook of multicultural assessment: Clinical, psychological, and educational applications . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Triandis, H.C. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism. In J. Berman (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 41-133). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Triandis, H.C. Bontempo, R. Leung, K. Hui, C.H. (1990). A method for determining cultural, demographic, and personal constructs. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 21, 302– 318 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar