Skip to main content
Original Article

The Development of the Job Stressor Appraisal Scale as Part of the Job Stress Battery

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000103

This study introduces the psychometric qualities of the Job Stressor Appraisal Scale (JSAS), a part of the Job Stress Battery, which comprehensively measures job stress in terms of job stressors, moderators, and strains. The JSAS measures employees’ appraisals of job stressors by considering both their frequency and intensity. To test its psychometric qualities, we administered the JSAS to a sample of 1,069 employees in Turkey. Factor analysis revealed a 5-factor structure, with 43 items explaining 46.1% of the variance. Cronbach’s α coefficients of the factors and the total scale varied between .66 and .93. In terms of construct and convergent validities, results generally showed significant correlations in the expected directions. These findings obtained on the validity and reliability of the scale imply good psychometric qualities.

References

  • Bedeian, A. G. , Armenakis, A. A. , Curran, S. M. (1981). The relationship between role stress and job-related, interpersonal and organizational climate factors. The Journal of Social Psychology, 113, 247–260. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bednar, A. , Marshall, C. , Bahouth, S. (1995). Identifying the relationship between work and nonwork stress among bank managers. Psychological Reports, 77, 771–777. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Beehr, T. A. (1976). Perceived situational moderators of the relationship between subjective role ambiguity and role strain. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 35–40. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boswell, W. R. , Olson-Buchanan, J. B. , LePine, M. A. (2004). Relations between stress and work outcomes: The role of felt challenge, job control, and psychological strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 165–181. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cartwright, S. , Cooper, C. L. (1997). Managing workplace stress. London: Sage. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cooper, C. L. , Marshall, J. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 49, 11–28. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dewe, P. J. (1989). Examining the nature of work stress: Individual evaluations of stressful experiences and coping. Human Relations, 42, 993–1013. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dooley, D. , Prause, J. , Ham-Rowbottom, K. A. (2000). Underemployment and depression: Longitudinal relationships. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 421–436. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Edwards, J. A. , Webster, S. , van Laar, D. , Easton, S. (2008). Psychometric analysis of the UK Health and Safety Executive’s Management Standards Work-Related Stress Indicator Tool. Work Stress, 22, 96–107. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Faragher, E. B. , Cooper, C. L. , Cartwright, S. (2004). A shortened stress evaluation tool (ASSET). Stress and Health, 20, 189–201. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • French, J. R. P. , Caplan, R. D. , Harrison, R. V. (1982). The mechanisms of job stress and strain. New York: Wiley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gelsema, T. I. , van der Doef, M. , Maes, S. , Akerboom, S. , Verhoeven, C. (2005). Job stress in the nursing profession: The influence of organizational and environmental conditions and job characteristics. International Journal of Stress Management, 12, 222–240. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Guppy, A. , Gutteridge, T. (1991). Job satisfaction and occupational stress in UK general hospital nursing staff. Work & Stress, 5, 315–323. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hurrell, J. J., Jr. , Nelson, D. L. , Simmons, B. L. (1998). Measuring job stressors and strains: Where we have been, where we are, and where we need to go. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 368–389. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ito, J. K. , Brotheridge, C. M. (2009). Predictors and consequences of promotion stress: A bad situation made worse by employment dependence. International Journal of Stress Management, 16, 65–85. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jex, S. M. , Beehr, T. A. , Roberts, C. K. (1992). The meaning of occupational stress items to survey respondents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 623–628. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jones, E. , Chonko, L. , Rangarajan, D. , Roberts, J. (2007). The role of overload on job attitudes, turnover intentions, and salesperson performance. Journal of Business Research, 60, 663–671. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Judge, T. A. , Colquitt, J. A. (2004). Organizational justice and stress: The mediating role of work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 395–404. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285–308. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Karasek, R. A. , Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lambert, E. G. , Hogan, N. L. , Paoline, E. A. , Clarke, A. (2005). The impact of role stressors on job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among private prison staff. Security Journal, 18, 33–50. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819–834. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lundberg, U. , Frankenhaeuser, M. (1999). Stress and workload of men and women in high-ranking positions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 142–151. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mak, A. S. , Mueller, J. (2000). Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain. Work and Stress, 14, 312–328. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Malach-Pines, A. , Keinan, G. (2007). Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 160–174. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Meyer, J. P. , Allen, N. J. , Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538–551. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Motowidlo, S. J. , Packard, J. S. , Manning, M. R. (1986). Occupational stress: Its causes and consequences for job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 618–629. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Noblet, A. , Rodwell, J. , Amanda, A. (2009). Job stress in the law enforcement sector: Comparing the linear, nonlinear and interaction effects of working conditions. Stress and Health, 25, 111–120. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Oshagbemi, T. (1999). Overall job satisfaction: How good are single versus multiple-item measures? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14, 388–403. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Örtqvist, D. , Vincent, J. (2006). Prominent consequences of role stress: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Stress Management, 13, 399–422. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Özalp Türetgen, I. (2006). Kendini ayarlama, öz etkinlik ve dominantlik özellikleriyle birlikte cinsiyet degiskenlerinin lider olarak algilanmadaki etkisinin deneysel ve alan calismalarinda incelenmesi [The effects of self-monitoring, self efficacy, dominance personality, and gender traits on being perceived as a leader: A laboratory and a field study]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Istanbul University, Turkey. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Özbenli, Ş. (1999). The impact of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on intention to turnover and job performance. Unpublished master’s dissertation, Marmara University, Turkey. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Penney, L. M. , Spector, P. E. (2005). Job stress, incivility, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): The moderating role of negative affectivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 777–796. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pugliesi, K. (1999). The consequences of emotional labor: Effects on work stress, job satisfaction, and well-being. Motivation and Emotion, 23, 125–154. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rafferty, A. E. , Griffin, M. A. (2006). Perceptions of organizational change: A stress and coping perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1154–1162. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Seegers, G. , Van Elderen, T. (1996). Examining a model of stress reactions of bank directors. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 12, 212–223. First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Stanton, J. M. , Balzer, W. K. , Smith, P. C. , Parra, L. F. , Ironson, G. (2001). A general measure of work stress: The Stress in General Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 866–888. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Striker, J. , Luippold, R. S. , Nagy, L. , Liese, B. , Bigelow, C. , Mundt, K. A. (1999). Risk factors for psychological stress among international business travelers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56, 245–252. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Şahin, N. H. , Durak Batıgün, A. (1997). Bir özel hastane sağlık personelinde iş doyumu ve stres [Job satisfaction and stress in a health personnel group]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 12, 57–71. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Urbina, S. (2004). Essentials of psychological testing. New Jersey: Wiley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Vagg, P. R. , Spielberger, C. D. (1998). Occupational stress: Measuring job pressure and organizational support in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 294–305. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Vischer, J. C. (2007). The effects of the physical environment on job performance: Toward a theoretical model of workspace stress. Stress and Health, 23, 175–184. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wasti, S. A. (2003). Organizational commitment, turnover intentions and the influence of cultural values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 303–321. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Williams, S. , Cooper, G. L. (1998). Measuring occupational stress: Development of the Pressure Management Indicator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 306–321. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Williams, E. S. , Konrad, T. R. , Scheckler, W. E. , Pathman, D. E. , Linzer, M. , McMurray, J. E. , ... Schwartz, M. (2001). Understanding physicians’ intentions to withdraw from practice: The role of job satisfaction, job stress, mental and physical health. Health Care Management Review, 26, 7–19. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar