Alternative Models of the Outcome Questionnaire-45
Abstract
The Outcome Questionnaire-45 (OQ) reliably quantifies level of psychological functioning and change during treatment. The three subscales, however, are not well validated. Could alternative scales, based on personality dimensions or other groupings of psychological problems better explain patterns of response? In Study 1, the intended structure and four alternative models were compared using EFA and CFA in random thirds of a community clinic intake sample (N = 1,822). Oblique and bi-level models were compared. Preferred models were tested for stability in samples from later time points. In Study 2, the models were compared in a nonclinical sample (N = 589). Most bi-level models provided adequate fit per standards previously established for the Outcome Questionnaire-45. A seven-factor model of psychological problems provided better fit than any yet reported for this inventory.
References
2010). The bilevel structure of the Outcome Questionnaire-45. Psychological Assessment, 22, 350–355.
(2004). Genetic influence on human psychological traits. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 148–151.
(2005). Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 505–521. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.505
(1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
(2008). The factorial structure of the Outcome Questionnaire-45: A study with an Italian sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 15, 418–423.
(2005). The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45): Measuring psychiatric symptoms and interpersonal functioning. Psycholoog, 40, 393–400.
(2007). The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45) in a Dutch population: A cross-cultural validation. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14, 288–301.
(2002). Evaluating mental health outcomes in an inpatient setting: Convergent and divergent validity of the OQ-45 and BASIS-32. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 29, 394–403.
(2004). Veränderungsmessung in der Psychotherapie mit dem Ergebnisfragebogen (EB-45)
([Assessment of change in psychotherapy with the German version of the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2)] . Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 25, 141–151. doi: 10.1024/0170-1789.25.3.1412010). An examination of the “interpersonalness” of the Outcome Questionnaire. Assessment, 17, 396–399.
(2010). How should the internal structure of personality inventories be evaluated? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 332–346.
(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
(1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In , Handbook of personality: theory and research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
(2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
(2006). Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 111–133.
(2004). Administration and scoring manual for the OQ-45.2 Outcome Questionnaire. Salt Lake City, UT: American Professional Credentialing Services, L.L.C.
(2009). The reliability and validity of the Outcome Questionnaire-Chinese version. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 23, 105–107.
(2005). Goodness of fit in structural equation models. In , Contemporary psychometrics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
(1998). Construct validity of the Outcome Questionnaire: A confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70, 248–262.
(2007). Parallel Analysis Engine to Aid Determining Number of Factors to Retain [Computer software]. Available from smishra.faculty.ku.edu/parallelengine.htm
(2007). Temperament, development, and personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 207–212.
(2009). Recurrent personality dimensions in inclusive lexical studies: Indications for a Big Six structure. Journal of Personality, 77, 1577–1614.
(2009). Mind the gap: Improving the dissemination of CBT. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 902–909. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031
(2006). Use of the Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 with a university population. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 20, 5–15.
(2013 ). Client predictors of therapy usage and outcome. Unpublished manuscript2011). The comparative validity of brief- to medium-length Big Five and Big Six personality inventories. Psychological Assessment, 23, 995–1009. doi: 10.1037/a0024165
(1997). Concurrent and construct validity of the Outcome Questionnaire. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 15, 40–55.
(2002). OQ-45.2, an Outcome Questionnaire for monitoring change in psychotherapy: Adaptation, validation and indications for its application and interpretation. Terapia Psicológica, 20, 161–176.
(2010). The Swedish version of the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45): Reliability and factor structure in a substance abuse sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83, 325–329.
(2006). The neurobiological basis of temperament: Towards a better understanding of psychopathology. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 511–525.
(