Dark Tetrad, Acceptance of Sexual Violence, and Sexism
A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
Abstract. The Dark Tetrad is a cluster of four “dark” personality traits which are socially aversive, with distinct conceptual roots, but which are intercorrelated: narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and sadism. Narcissism is associated with inflated self-esteem and feelings of grandiosity; psychopathy involves reduced empathy and a lack of remorse or guilt; Machiavellianism is characterized by a tendency for manipulation for own personal benefit; sadism involves feelings of pleasure with the pain or suffering of others. Sexism is the group of beliefs linked with the perceived superiority of men over women. Previous studies have found relationships between the Dark Tetrad and the tolerance of the use of sexual violence and between the former and sexism. Furthermore, sexism has been linked with the acceptance of sexual violence. This study aims to revise the literature exploring the link between each of the components of the Dark Tetrad and the legitimation of the use of sexual violence; it also aims to present the associations that have been found between the aforementioned variables and sexism and related concepts, in multiple studies. Based on the previous literature, suggestions for aims of future research in this field (i.e., Dark Tetrad, sexual violence, sexism) are made, more specifically exploring the relative effect of each of the components of the Dark Tetrad in the explanation of the legitimation of sexual violence, as well as exploring a possible, at least partial, mediation of sexism in the link between each of the “dark” traits and the acceptance of sexual violence.
References
(2004). A longitudinal examination of male college students’ perpetration of sexual assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 747–756. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.747
(2012). Patterns of sexual aggression in a community sample of young men: Risk factors associated with persistence, desistence, and initiation over a 1-year interval. Psychology of Violence, 2, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026346
(2007). What is a typical rape? Effects of victim and participant gender in female and male rape perceptions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 225–245. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466606X101780
(2018). Silence, power, and inequality: An intersectional approach to sexual violence. Annual Review of Sociology, 44, 99–122. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041410
(2007). Unwanted sexual contact on campus: A comparison of women’s and men’s experiences. Violence and Victims, 22(1), 52–70. https://doi.org/10.1891/vv-v22i1a004
(2017). Masculinity, femininity, sexual dysfunctional beliefs, and rape myth acceptance among heterosexual college men and women. Sexuality and Culture, 21, 741–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-017-9420-3
(2018). Religious affiliation, religiosity, gender, and rape myth acceptance: Feminist theory and rape culture. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(8), 1219–1235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516665110
(2005). National Crime Victimization Survey: Violent victimization of college students, 1995–2002. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/vvcs02.pdf
(2010). The presence of others, prosocial traits, Machiavellianism: A personality × situation approach. Social Psychology, 41(4), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000032
(2015). The ultimate femme fatale? Narcissism predicts serious and aggressive sexually coercive behavior in females. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.001
(2018). The dark tetrad and rape myth acceptance [Honors project]. University of Akron. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/655
(2016). Unpacking more “evil”: What is at the core of the dark tetrad? Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 269–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.009
(2015). Dark Triad traits, infidelity and romantic revenge. Personality and Individual Difference, 83, 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.007
(2013). Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2201–2209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613490749
(2018). Internet trolling and everyday sadism: Parallel effects on pain perception and moral judgment. Journal of Personality, 87(2), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12393
(2018). Harmful fun: Pranks and sadistic motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 42, 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-017-9651-5
(1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
(2018). Exploration of rape myths among former military professionals [Doctoral dissertation]. East Tennessee State University. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3376/
(2009). An ecological model of the impact of sexual assault on women’s mental health. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(3), 225–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838009334456
(2020). Different slopes for different folks: Gender moderates the relationship between empathy and narcissism. Current Psychology, 39, 1808–1818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9881-z
(2020). Link between narcissism and rape myth acceptance: Moral disengagement as a mediator [Unpublished Master’s dissertation]. Birmingham City University.
(2016). The dark side of Facebook®: The Dark Tetrad, negative social potency, and trolling behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.043
(2000). Rape on prime time: Television, masculinity, and sexual violence. University of Pennsylvania Press.
(2007). Insidious dangers of benevolent sexism: Consequences for women’s performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(5), 764–779. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.764
(2001). The influence of victim gender and sexual orientation on judgments of the victim in a depicted stranger rape. Violence and Victims, 16(6), 607–619. https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrvv
(2020). The Dark Tetrad and male clients of female sex work. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577171
(2019). The relations between life history strategy and dark personality traits among young adults. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 5(11), 166–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-018-0175-3
(2015). The role of psychopathy and exposure to violence in rape myth acceptance. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(15), 2751–2770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514553635
(2010). Are all perpetrators alike? Comparing risk factors for sexual coercion and aggression. Sexual Abuse, 22(4), 402–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063210372140
(2019). Rape myth acceptance, male gender role norms, attitudes towards women, and psychopathic traits in a military sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 144, 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.005
(2015). A systematic review of juries’ assessment of rape victims: Do rape myths impact on juror decision-making? International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 43, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2014.07.001
(2017). Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.06.002
(1995). Health effects of experiences of sexual violence for women with abusive partners. Health Care for Women International, 16(6), 563–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339509516210
(2011). Rape myths: History, individual and institutional-level presence, and implications for change. Sex Roles, 65, 761–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9943-2
(2019). Confirmatory factor analysis and gender invariance of the Revised Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance (IRMA) Scale in Nigeria. Journal of Women and Social Work, 34, 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109918803645
(2016). Psychometric properties of the beliefs about relationship violence against women scale and gender stereotypes and beliefs scale. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 26(3), 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2016.1185905
(2020). Rape myth acceptance of police officers in Portugal. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1–2), 659–680. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520916282
(2015). The Unholy trinity: The Dark Triad, sexual coercion, and Brunswik-Symmetry. Evolutionary Psychology, 13(2), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491501300208
(2008). The “red zone”: Temporal risk for unwanted sex among college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 1177–1196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508314308
(2006). Dating aggression, sexual coercion, and aggression supporting attitudes among college men as a function of participation in aggressive high school sports. Violence Against Women, 12(5), 441–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801206288126
(2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12018
(2004). Date-rape-supporting and victim-blaming attitudes among high school students in a multi-ethnic society. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 406–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503262080
(1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
(2019). How much of the dark triad is accounted for by sexism? Personality and Individual Differences, 154, Article
109728 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109728(2015). Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 261–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038231
(2012). Attribution of blame in rape cases: A review of the impact of rape myth acceptance, gender role conformity and substance use on victim blaming. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(5), 443–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.06.002
(2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 217–246. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452
(2013). Rape myth acceptance impacts the reporting of rape to the police: A study of incarcerated women. Violence Against Women, 19(9), 1065–1078. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801213501841
(2014). Narcissism and empathy in young offenders and non-offenders. European Journal of Personality, 28(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1939
(2019). Empathy at the heart of darkness: Empathy deficits that bind the Dark Triad and those that mediate indirect relational aggression. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 95–100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00095
(2012). Gender differences in sexual assault victimization among college students. Violence and Victims, 27(6), 922–940. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.6.922
(2008). Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of alcohol-related sexual assault among university students. Adolescence, 43(172), 733–750.
(2019). Rape myth acceptance, efficacy, and heterosexual scripts in men’s magazines: Factors associated with intentions to sexually coerce or intervene. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(8), 1703–1733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516653752
(2016). Perception about women and attitude towards a rape victim – A cross sectional study. Media Innovatica, 5(2), 22–27. http://www.medicainnovatica.org/archives_10.html
(2015).
An evolutionary perspective on interpersonal violence: Sex differences and personality links . In M. DeLisiM. G. VaughEds., International handbook of biosocial criminology (pp. 32–45). Routledge.(2017). The exploitative mating strategy of the Dark Triad traits: Tests of rape-enabling attitudes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(3), 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-0937-1
(2009). The Dark Triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy in men. European Journal of Personality, 23, 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.698
(2011). Mate-selection and the Dark Triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy and creating a volatile environment. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(6), 759–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.025
(2013). The core of darkness: Uncovering the heart of the Dark Triad. European Journal of Personality, 27(6), 521–531. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1893
(2015). The Dark Triad and dispositional aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 360–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.021
(2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21, 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
(2013). The Dark Triad and animal cruelty: Dark personalities, dark attitudes, and dark behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 666–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.019
(2016). "I still feel like I am not normal": A review of the role of stigma and stigmatization among female survivors of child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(5), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016673601
(2017). The dark tetrad and its relations with maladaptive personality traits and sexual tactics [Master’s dissertation, Southern Illinois University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
(2007). The campus sexual assault (CSA) study. http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221153.pdf
(2018). The narcissism spectrum model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22, 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316685018
(2019). The dark tetrad and mating effort’s influence on sexual coaxing and coercion across relationship types. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 26(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2019.1676925
(2010). When contact correlates with prejudice: Adolescents’ romantic relationship experience predicts greater benevolent sexism in boys and hostile sexism in girls. Sex Roles, 63(3), 214–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9786-2
(2020). An international study of the contextual effects of gender inequality on intimate partner sexual violence against women students. Feminist Criminology, 15(1), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085119842652
(2005). A prospective analysis of sexual assault perpetration: Risk factors related to perpetrator characteristics. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(10), 1325–1348. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260505278528
(1994). Rape myths: In review. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18(2), 133–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00448.x
(2022). The Dark Triad and sexual assertiveness predict sexual coercion differently in men and women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(7–8), NP4889–NP4904. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520922346
(1991). Characteristics of aggressors against women: Testing a model using a national sample of college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(5), 670–681. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.59.5.670
(2016). The utility of the Dark Triad model in the prediction of the self-reported and behavioral risk-taking behaviors among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.029
(2018). A network of dark personality traits: What lies at the heart of darkness? Journal of Research in Personality, 73, 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2017.11.003
(2015). A big tent of dark personality traits. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(8), 434–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12185
(2012). Escala de crenças sobre violência sexual (ECVS)
[Beliefs About Sexual Violence Scale] . Análise Psicológica, 30(1–2), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.546(2014). Differences in adolescent relationship abuse perpetration and gender-inequitable attitudes by sport among male high school athletes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(6), 742–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.01.001
(2011). An updated measure for assessing subtle rape myths. Social Work Research, 35(2), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/35.2.71
(2015). The Dark Tetrad: Structural properties and location in the personality space. Journal of Individual Differences, 36(4), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000179
(2020). Specific traumatic events elevate the risk of a suicide attempt in a 10-year longitudinal community study on adolescents and young adults. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01335-3
. (2020). Código Penal Português (19a ed.)
[Portuguese Penal Code] . Edições Almedina.(2013). The role of rape myth acceptance and psychopathy in sexual assault perpetration. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 22(2), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2013.743937
(2017). The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616666070
(2007). Athletic participation, fraternity membership, and sexual aggression among college men: A meta-analytic review. Sex Roles, 57, 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9225-1
(2005). Attitudes towards victims of rape: Effects of gender, race, religion, and social class. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(6), 725–737. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260505276072
(2020). Associations between Dark Triad and ambivalent sexism: Sex differences among adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), Article
7754 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217754(2006). Cruelty’s rewards: The gratifications of perpetrators and spectators. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29(3), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06009058
(2016). Psychopathic personality traits predict positive attitudes toward sexually predatory behaviors in college men and women. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 372–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.011
(1999). The effects of sex and power schemas, attitudes toward women, and victim resistance on rape attributions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 362–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01391.x
(2018). Sexual assault is just the tip of the iceberg: Relationship and sexual violence prevalence in college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 32(3), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2017.1350122
(2018). The relationship between the Dark Tetrad and a two-dimensional view of empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.009
(2010). Coercive sexual experiences, protective behavioral strategies, alcohol expectancies and consumption among male and female college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(9), 1563–1578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354581
(2003). Effects of hypermasculinity on physical aggression toward women. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 4, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.70
(1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1197–1208. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1197
(2014). Toward a taxonomy of dark personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(6), 421–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547737
(2021). Screening for dark personalities: The Short Dark Tetrad (SD4). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 37(3), 208–222. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000602
(2018). Aggression as a trait: The Dark Tetrad alternative. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 88–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.007
(2016).
Everyday sadism . In V. Zeigler-HillD. K. MarcusEds., The dark side of personality: Science and practice in social, personality, and clinical psychology (pp. 109–120). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14854-000(2021). Dark or disturbed? Predicting aggression from the Dark Tetrad and schizotypy. Aggressive Behavior, 47(6), 635–645. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21990
(2011). Sadistic personality and its everyday correlates (Unpublished manuscript). University of British Columbia.
(2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
(1999). Rape myth acceptance: Exploration of its structure and its measurement using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(1), 27–68. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1998.2238
(2015). A responsabilização da mulher vítima de estupro
[The accountability of the woman victim of rape] . Revista Transgressões, 3, 227–239. https://periodicos.ufrn.br/transgressoes(2020). The role of social support in machismo and acceptance of violence among adolescents in Europe: Lights4Violence baseline results. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(5), 922–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.007
(2017). Sadism, the intuitive system, and antisocial punishment in the public goods game. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(3), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216684134
(2010). Masculinity ideology: Its impact on adolescent males’ heterosexual relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 49(3), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01166.x
(2017). The assessment of sadistic personality: Preliminary psychometric evidence for a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.043
(2011). Acquisitive or protective self-presentation of dark personalities? Associations among the dark triad and self-monitoring. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(4), 502–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.008
(2014). Man enough? Masculine discrepancy stress and intimate partner violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 160–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.021
(2014). Relating sexual sadism and psychopathy to one another, non-sexual violence, and sexual crime behaviors. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21505
(2010). Escala de machismo sexual (EMS-Sexismo-12): Diseño y análisis de propiedades psicométricas
[Machismo Sexual Scale (EMS-Sexismo-12): Design and analysis of psychometric properties] . SUMMA Psicológica, 7(2), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.18774/448x.2010.7.121(2017). Rape-myth acceptance among students at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, 136(2), 240–241. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12054
(2016). Machismo, victimización y perpetración en mujeres y hombres mexicanos
[Machismo, victimization, and perpetration in Mexican women and men] . Estudios sobre las Culturas Contemporáneas, 21(43), 37–66. https://www.culturascontemporaneas.com/(2016). Anxious, hostile, and sadistic: Maternal attachment and everyday sadism predict hostile masculine beliefs and male sexual violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 340–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.029
(2021). Rape myth acceptance in Lebanon: The role of sexual assault experience/familiarity, sexism, honor beliefs, and the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, Article
110403 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110403(2020). The place of the “Dark Triad” in general models of personality: Some meta-analytic clarification. Psychological Bulletin, 146(11), 1021–1041. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000299
(1990). Understanding sexual violence: A study of convicted rapists. Harper Collins.
(2019). Less than human? Media use, objectification of women, and men’s acceptance of sexual aggression. Psychology of Violence, 9(5), 536–545. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000198
(2018). The role of hypermasculinity, token resistance, rape myth, and assertive sexual consent communication among college men. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(S3), S44–S50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.015
(2010). Factors associated with rape-supportive attitudes: Sociodemographic variables, aggressive personality, and sexist attitudes. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600003784
(2020). Escala de machismo sexual: Evidências psicométricas em contexto brasileiro
[Sexual Machismo Scale: Psychometric evidence in the Brazilian contexto] . Avaliação Psicológica, 19(4), 420–429. https://doi.org/10.15689/ap.2020.1904.15892.08(2015). As marcas do machismo no cotidiano escolar
[The impacts of machismo in school daily life] . Caderno Espaço Feminino, 28, 90–99. http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/neguem(2021). The dark tetrad and advantageous and disadvantageous risk-taking. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110338
(2018). The effects of gender-blind sexism on rape myth acceptance: Results from a nationally representative study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11–12), 5838–5859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518807912
(2016). Gender-blind sexism and rape myth acceptance. Violence Against Women, 23, 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216636239
(2010). Stop blaming the victim: A meta-analysis on rape myth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11), 2010–2035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354503
(2014). The multicultural study of psychopathy: An examination of Latin American Differences [Master’s dissertation, University of Texas at El Paso]. Open Access Theses & Dissertations.
(2006). Extent, nature, and consequences of rape victimization: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey [Report]. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/210346.pdf
(2018). Predicting short- and long-term mating orientations: The role of sex and the Dark Tetrad. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(9), 1206–1218. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1420750
(2019). Dark Tetrad personality types and sexual behaviours amongst African students [Unpublished Master’s dissertation]. University of Limpopo.
(2008). A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the Big 5. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(2), 445–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.007
(2018). Differences among dark triad components: A meta-analytic investigation. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(2), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000222
(2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 794–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.008
(2011). Not just the booze talking: Trait aggression and hypermasculinity distinguish perpetrators from victims of male barroom aggression. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(4), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01375.x
(2007). Capturing the four-factor structure of psychopathy in college students via self-report. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701268074
(2013). A characterization of adult victims of sexual violence: Results from the National Epidemiological Survey for Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychiatry, 76(3), 223–240. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.3.223
(2018). A systematic review of the association between rape myth acceptance and male-on-female sexual violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 41, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.002
(2016). The Dark Triad and sexual harassment proclivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.048
(2017). Hypermasculinity, narcissism, and violence among athletes: Sport behavior and perception of coaches [Doctoral dissertation]. Xavier University. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=xavier1491776051176087
