Stroke Encoding Processes of Chinese Character During Sentence Reading
Abstract
Abstract. The present study was conducted to examine whether traditional and simplified Chinese readers (TCRs and SCRs) differed in stroke encoding in character processing by an eye-tracking experiment. We recruited 66 participants (32 TCRs and 34 SCRs) to read sentences comprising characters with different proportions and types of strokes removed in order to explore whether any visual complexity effect existed in their processing of simplified and traditional Chinese characters. The present study found a cross-script visual complexity effect and that SCRs were more influenced by visual complexity change in lexical access than were TCRs. In addition, the stroke-order effect appeared to be more salient for TCRs than for SCRs.
References
(2011). Perceptual load in the reading of Arabic: Effects of orthographic visual complexity on detection. Writing Systems Research, 3, 117–127. 10.1093/wsr/wsr014
(1963). Preliminary research about the tachistoscopic identification of Chinese characters of children [in Chinese]. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 7, 271–279.
(2003). Linguistic awareness in learning to read Chinese: A comparative study of Beijing and Hong Kong children. In C. McBride-ChangH.-C. Chen (Eds.), Reading development in Chinese children (pp. 91–106). Westport, CT: Praeger.
(2002). Visualspatial properties and orthographic processing of Chinese characters. In H. S. R. KaoC.-K. LeongD.-G. Gao (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience studies of the Chinese language (pp. 175–194). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
(2003). Developmental characteristics of eye movements in reading Chinese. In C. McBride-ChangH.-C. Chen (Eds.), Reading development in Chinese children (pp. 159–169). Westport, CT: Praeger.
(1991). Effects of pinyin and script type on verbal processing: Comparisons of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong experience. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 14, 429–448. 10.1177/016502549101400405
(1981). Perception of Chinese characters. Acta Psychologica Taiwanica, 23, 137–153.
(1986). The recognition of Chinese characters and words under divided visual field presentation. Linguistics, Psychology, and the Chinese Language, 23–37.
(2008). An ERP investigation of location invariance in masked repetition priming. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 222–228. 10.3758/cabn.8.2.222
. (1994). Order of strokes writing as a cue for retrieval in reading Chinese characters. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6, 337–355. 10.1080/09541449408406519
(1987). Strategies for visual word recognition and orthographical depth: A multilingual comparison. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13, 104–115. 10.1037/0096-1523.13.1.104
(2002). Psycho-geometric analysis of commonly used Chinese characters. In C.-K. L. H. S. R. KaoD.-G. Gao (Ed.), Cognitive neuroscience studies of the Chinese language. (pp. 195–206). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
(2005). Effects of numbers of strokes on Chinese character recognition during a normal reading condition. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 101, 845–852. 10.2466/pms.101.3.845-852
(2007). Metalinguistic awareness and reading performance: A cross language comparison. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 36, 297–317. 10.1007/s10936-006-9046-3
(1987). Orthography: Its structure and effects on reading. In M. A. JustP. A. Carpenter (Eds.), The psychology of reading and language processing (pp. 287–325). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
(1992). The reading process is different for different orthographies: The orthographic depth hypothesis. Advances in Psychology, 94, 67–84. 10.1016/s0166-4115(08)62789-2
(1986). What does accessing a morphemic script tell us about reading and reading disorders in an alphabetic script? Annals of Dyslexia, 36, 82–102. 10.1007/bf02648023
(1987). Automatic processing of morphemic orthography by mature readers. Language and Speech, 30, 181–196. 10.1177/002383098703000207
(2019). Fixations in the visual world paradigm: Where, when, why? Journal of Cultural Cognition, 3, 111139. 10.1007/s41809-019-00035-3
(2005). Chinese character acquisition and visual skills in two Chinese scripts. Reading and Writing, 18, 99–128. 10.1007/s11145-004-7343-5
(2007). The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 50, 940–967. 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/067)
(1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 372422. 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372
(2009). The 35th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psycholology, 62, 1457–1506. 10.1080/17470210902816461
(2001). The 20th century’s study on contemporary Chinese characters contents [in Chinese]. Shanxi: Shuhai Press.
(1990). Yujing dui hanyu danzici tezheng fenxi de yingxiang [The effects of semantic context on the feature analyses of single Chinese characters]. Xin li xue dong tai [Journal of Psychology], 4, 5–10.
(2012). Parafoveal semantic information extraction in traditional Chinese reading. Acta Psychologica, 141, 17–23. 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.06.004
(2003). Where do Chinese readers send their eyes. In J. HyönäR. RadachH. Deubel (Eds.), The mind’s eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 159–176). North Holland: Elsevier.
(1965). An informational analysis of the Chinese language: I. The reconstruction of the removed strokes of the ideograms in printed sentence-texts. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 9, 281–290.
(1973). The Chinese language. Scientific American, 228, 50–60. 10.1038/scientificamerican0273-50
(1981). Language structure and optimal orthography. In O. J. L. TzengH. Spinger (Eds.), Perception of print: Reading research in experimental psychology (pp. 223–236). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
(2010). Estimating the effect of word predictability on eye movements in Chinese reading using latent semantic analysis and transitional probability. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1374–1386. 10.1080/17470210903380814
(2012). Using stroke removal to investigate Chinese character identification during reading: evidence from eye movements. Reading and Writing, 25, 951–979. 10.1007/s11145-011-9295-x
(1999). Reading Chinese: Some basic eye-movement characteristics. In J. WangH. C. ChenR. RadachA. Inhoff (Eds.), Reading Chinese script: A cognitive analysis (pp. 207–222). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
(1972). Factors affecting recognition thresholds of Chinese characters. Acta Psychologica Taiwanica, 14, 113–117.
(2000). The Chinese lexicon: A comprehensive survey. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
(1992). The effect of the stroke-number disposition on Chinese character recognition. Psychological Science, 4, 5–10.
(1991). The effect of Chinese sentence context on word recognition. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 23, 145–152.
