Abstract
Abstract. In three survey experimental studies among national samples of the native Dutch, we examined feelings towards Muslim immigrants’ political party representation. The strategy of disengagement (reject political representation) was evaluated most positively, followed by the descriptive representation strategy (participate as Muslims in existing political party). The group representation strategy (participate in the existing political system with a Muslim party) was evaluated most negatively. Furthermore, participants who perceived higher group-based power threat had more negative feelings towards political representation of Muslim immigrants, but less so towards disengaged immigrants. In addition, negative feelings were stronger towards Muslim versus Christian immigrants and this difference was somewhat more pronounced for the group representation and descriptive representation strategy compared to political disengagement.
References
1991). Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
(2005). Bright vs. blurred boundaries: Second-generation assimilation and exclusion in France, Germany and the United States. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28, 20–49.
(2001). Intergroup and interpersonal threats as determinants of prejudice: The moderating role of in-group identification. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23, 191–196.
(1967). Toward a theory of minority-group relations. New York, NY: Wiley.
(2013). Accessing the corridors of power: Puzzles and pathways to understanding minority representation. West European Politics, 36, 652–670. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2013.773733
(2013). Immigrant and ethnic minority representation in Europe: Conceptual challenges and theoretical approaches. West European Politics, 36, 564–579. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2013.773724
(1999).
(The context and content of social identity threat . In N. EllemersR. SpearsB. DoosjeEds., Social identity: Context, commitment, content (pp. 35–58). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.2011).
(The dynamics of acculturation: An intergroup perspective . In J. M. OlsonM. P. ZannaEds., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 129–184). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00003-22013). Is social media changing how we understand political engagement? An analysis of Facebook and the 2008 presidential election. Political Research Quarterly, 66, 883–895.
(2014). Acculturation is a two-way street: Majority-minority perspectives of outgroup acculturation preferences and the mediating role of threat and multiculturalism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43, 304–320. doi: 10.1016/j.intrel.2014.10.002
(2016). Electoral participation of Muslims in Europe: Assessing the impact of institutional and discursive opportunities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42, 309–324. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2015.1102043
(2004).
(Resistance to the presence of immigrants and refugees in 22 countries . In M. GijsbertsL. HagendoornP. ScheepersEds., Nationalism and exclusion of migrants: Cross-national comparisons (pp. 97–120). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.2003). The effect of education on nationalism and ethnic exclusionism: An international comparison. Political Psychology, 24, 313–343.
(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
(2006). A new electorate? Comparing preferences and partisanship between immigrants and natives. American Journal of Political Science, 50, 962–981.
(2010).
(Intergroup competition . In J. F. DovidioM. HewstoneP. GlickV. M. EssesEds., The Sage handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 225–240). London, UK: Sage.2005).
(Instrumental relations among groups: Group competition, conflict, and prejudice . In J. F. DovidioP. GlickL. A. RudmanEds., On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 227–243). Malden, MA: Blackwell.2010). Statistics in focus, 1/2010. Luxembourg: Konstantinos Giannkouris.
, (2009). A suitable enemy: Racism, migration and Islamophobia in Europe. London, UK: Pluto Press.
(2015). Foreign-born voting behavior in local elections: Evidence from new immigrant destinations. American Politics Research, 43, 27–56. doi: 10.1177/1532673X14528027
(M. Helbling (2012). Islamophobia in the West: Measuring and explaining individual attitudes. London, UK: Routledge.
2008). College sophomores in the laboratory redux: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology’s view of the nature of prejudice. Psychological Inquiry, 19, 49–71. doi: 10.1080/10478400802049936
(2015). The evaluation of immigrants’ political acculturation strategies. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 131–142. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.04.002
(2004). Who are we? The challenges to America’s national identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
(2013). The principles of experimental design and their application in sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 39, 27–49.
(2006). The end of the end of ideology. The American Psychologist, 61, 651–670.
(1972). Political clientelism and development: A preliminary analysis. Comparative Politics, 4, 149–178.
(2012). Replications in psychological research: How often do they really occur? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 537–542. doi: 10.1177/1745691612460688
(2010). Inequalities in non-institutionalized forms of political participation: A multi-level analysis of 25 countries. Political Studies, 58, 187–213.
(2013). “We were here first, so we determine the rules of the game”: Autochthony and prejudice toward out-groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 637–647.
(2011). The role of immigration acculturation preferences and generational status in determining intergroup attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 776–785.
(2010). A Latino on the ballot: Explaining coethnic voting among Latinos and the response of White Americans. The Journal of Politics, 72, 1–13. doi: 10.1017/S0022381610000629
(2003). Anti-immigrant prejudice in Europe: Contact, threat perception, and preferences for the exclusion of migrants. Social Forces, 81, 909–936.
(2013). How does education have an impact on ethnocentrism: A structural equation analysis of cognitive, occupational status and network mechanisms. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 502–522.
(2013). Explaining different trajectories in immigrant political integration: Moroccans and Turks in Amsterdam. West European Politics, 36, 597–614. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2013.773727
(2014). Majority group opposition to minority political entitlements: The social dominance paradox. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 39, 82–92.
(2012). Feeling threatened about the future: White’s emotional reactions to anticipated ethnic demographic changes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 14–25. doi: 10.1177/0146167211418531
(2001). Introducing Anova and Ancova, a GLM approach. London, UK: Sage.
(2013). Which birds of a feather flock together? Assessing attitudes about descriptive representation among Latinos and Asian Americans. American Politics Research, 41, 699–729. doi: 10.1177/1532673X12466582
(2003). The origins of symbolic racism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 259–275.
(2006). Public debates over Islam and the awareness of Muslim identity in the Netherlands. European Education, 38, 10–22.
(1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
(2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22, 1359–1366.
(2014). The value of direct replication. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 76–80. doi: 10.1177/1745691613514755
(2007). When ways of life collide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
(2013). Party strategies and the descriptive representation of ethnic minorities: The 2010 British general election. West European Politics, 36, 615–633. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2013.773729
(2012). Are anti-Muslim feelings more widespread than anti-foreigner feelings? Evidence from two split-sample experiments. Ethnicities, 12, 800–820. doi: 10.1177/1468796812449707
(2016). How ordinary people view Muslim group rights in Britain, the Netherlands, France and Germany: Significant “gaps” between majorities and Muslims? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42, 217–236. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2015.1082288
(2000).
(An integrated threat theory of prejudice . In S. OskampEd., Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–46). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.2005). The hunt for the last respondent: nonresponse in sample surveys, SCP Report 2005/8, dissertation. Utrecht University, Utrecht
(2008). Anti-Muslim prejudice in Europe: A Multilevel analysis of survey data from 30 countries. Social Science Research, 37, 268–286.
(2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
(2003). Black opinion on the legitimacy of racial redistricting and minority-majority districts. The American Political Science Review, 97, 45–56.
(2007). Individual-level and group-level mediators of contact effects in Northern Ireland: The moderating role of social identification. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 541–556.
(2013, February). Turkse politici intimideren bestuurders Rotterdamse deelgemeente,
([Turkish politicians intimidate Rotterdam municipality administrators] . NRC. Retrieved from http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2013/02/16/turkse-politici-intimideren-bestuurders-rotterdamse-deelgemeente/1998). Attitudes of minority and majority members toward adaptation of immigrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 995–1013.
(2010). Religious identity consolidation and mobilisation among Turkish Dutch Muslims. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 436–447.
(2014). Immigrants’ participation in voting: Exposure, resilience, and transferability. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40, 1572–1592. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2013.873712
(2010).
(Anti-immigrant bias . In J. F. DovidioM. HewstoneP. GlickV. M. EssesEds., The Sage handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 361–376). London, UK: Sage.