Skip to main content
Original Article

Coping With Destructive Leadership

Putting Forward an Integrated Theoretical Framework for the Interaction Process Between Leaders and Followers

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000187

The emerging literature on destructive leadership has been mostly leader centric, often reducing followers to passive subordinates. In line with recent follower-focused approaches to leadership, this theoretical contribution aims at shedding light on the interaction process between leaders and followers and on the active part followers can play in triggering as well as curbing destructive leader behavior. Specifically, we analyze in what ways followers can cope with destructive leadership and how the confrontativeness of the chosen coping strategy in turn affects leaders’ perceptions and resultant behaviors. The proposed interaction model – where subordinate coping is both consequence and antecedent of destructive leadership – offers testable propositions for future research and opens up new avenues for understanding and handling destructive leadership.

References

  • Aasland, M. S. , Skogstad, A. , Notelaers, G. , Nielsen, M. B. , & Einarsen, S. (2010). The Prevalence of destructive leadership behaviour. British Journal of Management, 21, 438–452. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ames, D. R. (2008). In search of the right touch: Interpersonal assertiveness in organizational life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 381–385. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ames, D. R. (2009). Pushing up to a point: Assertiveness and effectiveness in leadership and interpersonal dynamics. Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 111–133. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ames, D. R. , & Flynn, F. J. (2007). What breaks a leader: The curvilinear relation between assertiveness and leadership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 307–324. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Aquino, K. , & Byron, K. (2002). Dominating interpersonal behavior and perceived victimization in groups: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship. Journal of Management, 28, 69–87. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Aquino, K. , & Lamertz, K. (2004). A relational model of workplace victimization: Social roles and patterns of victimization in dyadic relationships. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 1023–1034. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Aquino, K. , & Thau, S. (2009). Workplace victimization: Aggression from the target’s perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 717–741. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ashforth, B. E. (1994). Petty tyranny in organizations. Human Relations, 47, 755–778. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Barker Caza, B. , & Milton, L. P. (2012). Resilience at work: Building capability in the face of adversity. In K. S. Cameron, & G. M. Spreitzer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship (pp. 895–908). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bennett, R. J. , & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 349–360. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bligh, M. C. , & Kohles, J. C. (2012). Approaching leadership with a follower focus. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 220, 201–204. doi: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000114 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Bowling, N. A. , & Michel, J. S. (2011). Why do you treat me badly? The role of attributions regarding the cause of abuse in subordinates’ responses to abusive supervision. Work & Stress, 25, 309–320. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Burton, J. P. , Hoobler, J. M. , & Scheuer, M. L. (2012). Supervisor workplace stress and abusive supervision: The buffering effect of exercise. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27, 271–279. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Carver, C. S. , & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679–704. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Chan, M. E. , & McAllister, D. (2014). Abusive supervision through the lens of employee state paranoia. Academy of Management Review, 39, 44–66. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Connor-Smith, J. K. , & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1080–1107. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • DeRue, D. S. , & Ashford, S. J. (2010). Who will lead and who will follow? A social process of leadership identity construction in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 35, 627–647. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dewe, P. , & Cooper, C. L. (2007). Coping research and measurement in the context of work related stress. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 22, 141–191. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Eberly, M. B. , Holley, E. C. , Johnson, M. D. , & Mitchell, T. R. (2011). Beyond internal and external: A dyadic theory of relational attributions. Academy of Management Review, 36, 731–753. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Einarsen, S. , Aasland, M. S. , & Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 207–216. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Farmer, S. M. , Maslyn, J. M. , Fedor, D. B. , & Goodman, J. S. (1997). Putting upward influence strategies in context. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 17–42. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Folkman, S. , & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Grant, A. M. , Parker, S. , & Collins, C. (2009). Getting credit for proactive behavior: Supervisor reactions depend on what you value and how you feel. Personnel Psychology, 62, 31–55. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Harland, L. , Harrison, W. , Jones, J. R. , & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2005). Leadership behaviors and subordinate resilience. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11, 2–14. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Harris, K. J. , Harvey, P. , & Kacmar, K. M. (2011). Abusive supervisory reactions to coworker relationship conflict. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 1010–1023. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Harris, K. J. , Lambert, A. , & Harris, R. B. (2013). HRM effectiveness as a moderator of the relationships between abusive supervision and technology work overload and job outcomes for technology end users. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 1686–1695. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Harvey, P. , Harris, K. J. , Gillis, W. E. , & Martinko, M. J. (2014). Abusive supervision and the entitled employee. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 204–217. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Harvey, P. , Stoner, J. , Hochwarter, W. , & Kacmar, C. (2007). Coping with abusive supervision: The neutralizing effects of ingratiation and positive affect on negative employee outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 264–280. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Haslam, S. A. , Reicher, S. D. , & Platow, M. J. (2011). The new psychology of leadership: Identity influence and power. New York, NY: Psychology Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hogg, M. A. , van Knippenberg, D. , & Rast, D. E. (2012). The social identity theory of leadership: Theoretical origins, research findings, and conceptual developments. European Review of Social Psychology, 23, 258–304. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • James, L. R. , Hater, J. J. , Gent, M. J. , & Bruni, J. R. (1978). Psychological Climate: Implications from cognitive social learning theory and interactional psychology. Personnel Psychology, 31, 783–813. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kelloway, E. K. , & Barling, J. (2010). Leadership development as an intervention in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 24, 260–279. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kiewitz, C. , Restubog, S. L. D. , Zagenczyk, T. J. , Scott, K. D. , Garcia, P. R. J. M. , & Tang, R. L. (2012). Sins of the parents: Self-control as a buffer between supervisors’ previous experience of family undermining and subordinates’ perceptions of abusive supervision. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 869–882. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kim, T.-Y. , Rosen, B. , & Lee, D.-R. (2009). South Korean managerial reactions to voicing discontent: The effects of employee attitude and employee communication styles. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 1001–1018. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kipnis, D. , & Schmidt, S. M. (1985). The language of persuasion. Psychology Today, 4, 40–46. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kipnis, D. , Schmidt, S. M. , & Wilkinson, I. (1980). Intraorganizational influence tactics: Explorations in getting one’s way. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 440–452. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Klaussner, S. (2014). Engulfed in the abyss: The emergence of abusive supervision as an escalating process of supervisor-subordinate interaction. Human Relations, 67, 311–332. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kottke, J. L. , & Sharafinski, C. E. (1988). Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 1075–1079. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Krasikova, D. V. , Green, S. G. , & LeBreton, J. M. (2013). Destructive leadership: A theoretical review, integration, and future research agenda. Journal of Management, 39, 1308–1338. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lazarus, R. S. , & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Liu, D. , Liao, H. , & Loi, R. (2012). The dark side of leadership: A three-level investigation of the cascading effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 55, 1187–1212. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Liu, J. , Kwong Kwan, H. , Wu, L.-Z. , & Wu, W. (2010). Abusive supervision and subordinate supervisor-directed deviance: The moderating role of traditional values and the mediating role of revenge cognitions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 835–856. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Martinko, M. J. , Harvey, P. , Brees, J. R. , & Mackey, J. (2013). A review of abusive supervision research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 120–137. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Martinko, M. J. , Harvey, P. , Sikora, D. , & Douglas, S. C. (2011). Perceptions of abusive supervision: The role of subordinates’ attribution styles. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 751–764. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Martinko, M. J. , Sikora, D. , & Harvey, P. (2012). The relationships between attribution styles, LMX, and perceptions of abusive supervision. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 19, 397–406. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mawritz, M. B. , Folger, R. , & Latham, G. P. (2014). Supervisors’ exceedingly difficult goals and abusive supervision: The mediating effects of hindrance stress, anger, and anxiety. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 358–372. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mawritz, M. B. , Mayer, D. M. , Hoobler, J. M. , Wayne, S. J. , & Marinova, S. V. (2012). A trickle-down model of abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 65, 325–357. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • McLarnon, M. J. W. , & Rothstein, M. G. (2013). Development and initial validation of the workplace resilience inventory. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 12, 63–73. First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Mitchell, M. S. , & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1159–1168. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mitchell, M. S. , & Ambrose, M. L. (2012). Employees’ behavioral reactions to supervisor aggression: An examination of individual and situational factors. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 1148–1170. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Morrison, E. W. (2011). Employee voice behavior: Integration and directions for future research. The Academy of Management Annals, 5, 373–412. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Nes, L. S. , & Segerstrom, S. C. (2006). Dispositional optimism and coping: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 235–251. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Nes, L. S. , & Segerstrom, S. C. (2008). Conceptualizing coping: Optimism as a case study. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 2125–2140. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Neves, P. (2014). Taking it out on survivors: Submissive employees, downsizing, and abusive supervision. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87, 507–534. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Oc, B. , & Bashshur, M. R. (2013). Followership, leadership and social influence. The Leadership Quarterly, 24, 919–934. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pruitt, D. G. (1983). Strategic choice in negotiation. American Behavioral Scientist, 27, 167–194. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Robinson, S. L. , & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 555–572. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Roth, S. , & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41, 813–819. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ruble, T. L. , & Thomas, K. W. (1976). Support for a two-dimensional model of conflict behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 143–155. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Schilling, J. (2013). Destruktive Führung – Konzept, Ursachen, Wirkungen und Prävention [Destructive leadership – concept, causes, consequences, and prevention]. In K. Häring, & S. Litzcke (Eds.) Führungskompetenzen lernen (pp. 353–370). Stuttgart, Germany: Schäffer-Poeschel. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schyns, B. , & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly. 138–158. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Suls, J. , & Fletcher, B. (1985). The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4, 249–288. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tepper, B. J. (2007). Abusive Supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, 33, 261–289. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Tepper, B. J. , Duffy, M. K. , Henle, C. A. , & Lambert, L. S. (2006). Procedural injustice, victim precipitation, and abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 59, 101–123. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tepper, B. J. , Duffy, M. K. , & Shaw, J. D. (2001). Personality moderators of the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates’ resistance. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 974–983. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tepper, B. J. , Moss, S. E. , & Duffy, M. K. (2011). Predictors of abusive supervision: Supervisor perceptions of deep-level dissimilarity, relationship conflict, and subordinate performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 279–294. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tepper, B. J. , Moss, S. E. , Lockhart, D. E. , & Carr, J. C. (2007). Abusive supervision, upward maintenance communication, and subordinates’ psychological distress. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 1169–1180. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Thau, S. , Bennett, R. J. , Mitchell, M. S. , & Marrs, M. B. (2009). How management style moderates the relationship between abusive supervision and workplace deviance: An uncertainty management theory perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 79–92. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Thoroughgood, C. N. , Padilla, A. , Hunter, S. T. , & Tate, B. W. (2012). The susceptible circle: A taxonomy of followers associated with destructive leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 897–917. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Thoroughgood, C. N. , Tate, B. W. , Sawyer, K. B. , & Jacobs, R. (2012). Bad to the bone: Empirically defining and measuring destructive leader behavior. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 19, 230–255. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Uhl-Bien, M. , Riggio, R. E. , Lowe, K. B. , & Carsten, M. K. (2014). Followership theory: A review and research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 83–104. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Van Dyne, L. , Ang, S. , & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40, 1359–1392. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wei, F. , & Si, S. (2013). Tit for tat? Abusive supervision and counterproductive work behaviors: The moderating effects of locus of control and perceived mobility. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30, 281–296. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Whiting, S. W. , Maynes, T. D. , Podsakoff, N. P. , & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Effects of message, source, and context on evaluations of employee voice behavior. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 159–182. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Yagil, D. (2006). The relationship of abusive and supportive workplace supervision to employee burnout and upward influence tactics. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 6, 49–65. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Yagil, D. , Ben-Zur, H. , & Tamir, I. (2011). Do employees cope effectively with abusive supervision at work? An exploratory study. International Journal of Stress Management, 18, 5–23. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Yukl, G. , & Falbe, C. M. (1990). Influence tactics and objectives in upward, downward, and lateral influence attempts. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 132–140. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zapf, D. , & Gross, C. (2001). Conflict escalation and coping with workplace bullying: A replication and extension. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 497–522. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar