Subjective Experience of Disgust
Portuguese Version of Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale – Revised
Abstract
Abstract.Background: Individual differences in the experience of disgust are known to influence the development and maintenance of several psychopathologies. Aims: This study examined the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale – Revised (DPSS-R). Method: The factor validity, the reliability of the Portuguese version of DPSS-R, the convergent validity, and the relationship with other scales were assessed in 229 participants. Results: The modified two-factor model, disgust propensity and sensitivity, was confirmed with good fit indexes and with acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. Overall, the internal consistency and the composite reliability of the DPSS-R were appropriate. The DPSS-R also revealed significant associations with the Disgust Scale, Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Spider Phobia Questionnaire – Revised, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Specifically, the disgust propensity factor was found to be a significant predictor of fear of spiders and trait anxiety, whereas both DPSS-R factors predicted obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Finally, women reported higher levels of disgust propensity and sensitivity than men. Conclusion: The Portuguese version of the DPSS-R proved to be a valid and reliable measure of disgust propensity and sensitivity and, therefore, with potential relevance for application in both research and clinical practice.
References
1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
(2017). OCD: obsessive-compulsive … disgust? The role of disgust in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 42(5), 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.160079
(2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research, Guilford Press.
(2000, June). The development of a measure of individual differences in disgust. Paper presented at the Annual Conference Reports of the British Psychological Society, Winchester, UK.
(2004). Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 271(Suppl 4), S131–S133. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0144
(2001). Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 44(1), 17–31.
(2009). Disgust, fear, and the anxiety disorders: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.007
(2011). Disgust: the disease-avoidance emotion and its dysfunctions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 366(1583), 3453–3465. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0039
(2006). Using controlled comparisons in disgust psychopathology research: The case of disgust, hypochondriasis and health anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.09.001
(2009). Disgust and eating disorder symptomatology in a non-clinical population: The role of trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 16(4), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.623
(2009). Disgust and contamination sensitivity in vaginismus and dyspareunia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(2), 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9240-x
(2009). The Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale – Revised: An examination of a reduced-item version. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 703–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.009
(2011). Escala de Sensibilidade ao Nojo – Revista, versões Português de Portugal (DS-R-pt) e Português do Brasil (DS-R-br). (LabReport No. 4)
([Disgust Sensitivity Scale – European-Portuguese version (DS‐R‐pt) and Brazilian-Portuguese version (DS‐R-br)] . Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, University of Porto. http://www.fpce.up.pt/labpsi/data_files/09labreports/LabReport_4.pdf2014).
(Women’s disgust adaptations . In V. A. Weekes-ShackelfordT. K. ShackelfordEds., Evolutionary perspectives on human sexual psychology and behavior (pp. 277–296). Springer.1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
(2013). Disgust propensity and sensitivity: Differential relationships with obsessive-compulsive symptoms and behavioral approach task performance. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2(4), 412–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.07.006
(1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(5), 701–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90212-7
(1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
(2002). Fear, disgust, and abnormal eating attitudes: A preliminary study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32(2), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10069
(1977). Obsessional-compulsive complaints. Behaviour research and therapy, 15(5), 389–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(77)90042-0
(1974). Psychometric description of some specific fear questionnaires. Behavior Therapy, 5, 401–409.
(2001). Pesquisa de Marketing: Uma Orientação Aplicada
([Marketing research: An applied guidance] . Bookman Editora.2014). Analysis of structural equations: Theoretical basis, software & applications, ReportNumber.
(2015). The two dimensions of contamination fear in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Harm avoidance and disgust avoidance. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 6, 124–131.
(2012). Developing an implicit measure of disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: Examining the role of implicit disgust propensity and sensitivity in obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(3), 922–930.
(2012). P-815 – Psychometric properties and factor structure of the portuguese version of the maudsley obsessional-compulsive inventory. European Psychiatry, 27, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(12)74982-9
(1994). Psychometric theory, McGraw-Hill.
(2015). Selective effects of excessive engagement in health-related behaviours on disgust propensity. Cognition and Emotion, 29(5), 882–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.951314
(2007). The Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale – Revised: Psychometric properties and specificity in relation to anxiety disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(7), 918–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.12.005
(2011). Disgust proneness and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in a clinical sample: Structural differentiation from negative affect. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(7), 932–938.
(2007). Multimodal assessment of disgust in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(2), 263–276.
(2011). Specificity of disgust vulnerability in the distinction and treatment of OCD. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(9), 1236–1242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.018
(2007). The Disgust Scale: Item analysis, factor structure, and suggestions for refinement. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.281
(2009). Development and initial validation of an abbreviated Spider Phobia Questionnaire using item response theory. Behavior Therapy, 40(2), 114–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2008.04.002
(1984). Family resemblance in attitudes to food. Developmental Psychology, 20(2), 309–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.309
(2010). Mere visual perception of other people’s disease symptoms facilitates a more aggressive immune response. Psychological Science, 21(5), 649–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610368064
(2011). The behavioral immune system (and why it matters). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(2), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411402596
(2003). The connection between disgust sensitivity and blood-related fears, faintness symptoms, and obsessive-compulsiveness in a non-clinical sample. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 16(2), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/1061580021000030544
(1998). Alguns dados normativos do Inventário de Estado-Traço de Ansiedade–Forma Y (STAI-Y), de Spielberger, para a população portuguesa.
([Some normative data from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – Form Y (STAI-Y), for the Portuguese population] Revista Portuguesa de Psicologia, 33, 71–89.2010, February). Validação de questionário de medo de cobras e aranhas para a população portuguesa
([Validation of questionnaire of fear of snakes and spiders for the Portuguese population] . Conference presentation abstract, VII Simpósio de Investigação em Psicologia, Universidade do Minho, Portugal.2007). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – Portuguese Edition, Mind Garden.
(1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y), Mind Garden.
(2012). Disgust elevates core body temperature and up-regulates certain oral immune markers. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26(7), 1160–1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.010
(2016). Convergence in feeling, divergence in physiology: How culture influences the consequences of disgust suppression and amplification among European Americans and Asian Americans. Psychophysiology, 53, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12579
(2006). Disgust sensitivity and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(1), 30–40.
(2010). The Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale – Revised: Its predictive value for avoidance behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(7), 706–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.06.008
(2008). An internet-based study on the relation between disgust sensitivity and emetophobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(3), 524–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.001
(2006). Disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: Separate constructs that are differentially related to specific fears. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(7), 1241–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.021
(1996, April). Disgust factors as predictors of blood-injury fear and fainting. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western Psychological Association, San Jose, CA.
(