Abstract
Abstract: Background: Laboratory research suggests that alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and MDMA influence the processing of time. Anecdotal reports of recreational drug use also often include descriptions of changes in the speed of the passage of time. Despite this, little is known about how and why recreational drug use influences the passage of time. Aim: To examine retrospective self-reports of the passage of time during a previous instance of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine or MDMA use. To establish the effect of substance use frequency, substance dose, anxiety, depression and stress on the passage of time. Methods: Using an online questionnaire, passage of time judgments were collected for the current day as well as recent instances of alcohol, cocaine, marijuana or MDMA use. Measures of affect, typical substance use frequency and substance use amount were taken. Results: Time was remembered as passing significantly more quickly than normal during alcohol, cocaine and MDMA use. Marijuana was associated with time passing more slowly than normal. Regression analysis revealed that drug induced distortions to the passage of time use were not predicted by drug use frequency, dose, depression, anxiety or stress. Furthermore, comparison of recreational drug users and non-users did not indicate any long-term effects of drug use on the passage of time. Conclusions: The results suggest that whilst distortions to the passage of time are a common feature of drug use, their causes are complex.
Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Laboruntersuchungen legen nahe, dass Alkohol, Marihuana, Kokain und MDMA das Zeitempfinden beeinflussen. In anekdotische Berichten über den Konsum dieser Substanzen wird häufig beschrieben, dass Veränderungen in der Geschwindigkeit des Zeitablaufs wahrgenommen werden. Dennoch ist wenig darüber bekannt, wie und warum der Konsum von Drogen den Zeitablauf beeinflusst. Ziel: Untersuchung retrospektiver Selbstberichte über das subjektiv wahrgenommene Vergehen der Zeit während eines vorangegangenen Alkohol-, Cannabis-, Kokain- oder MDMA-Konsums. Dabei soll geprüft werden, wie sich Häufigkeit des Substanzkonsums, Dosis, Angst, Depression und Stress auf die Wahrnehmung des Zeitablaufs auswirken. Methoden: Mithilfe eines Online-Fragebogens wurden Zeiteinschätzungen für den aktuellen Tag sowie für die am kürzesten zurückliegenden Fälle von Alkohol-, Kokain-, Marihuana- oder MDMA-Konsum erhoben. Gemessen wurden der Affekt sowie die typische Häufigkeit und Menge des Substanzkonsums. Ergebnisse: Bei Alkohol-, Kokain- und MDMA-Konsum verging die Zeit in der Erinnerung der Befragten deutlich schneller, bei Konsum von Marihuana dagegen langsamer als normalerweise. Die Regressionsanalyse ergab, dass weder Häufigkeit und Dosis des Substanzkonsums, noch Depression, Angst und Stress Prädiktoren für drogeninduzierte Verzerrungen des Zeitablaufs waren. Darüber hinaus ergab der Vergleich von Drogenkonsumenten und Nicht-Konsumenten, dass der Konsum von Drogen keine langfristigen Auswirkungen auf das Zeitempfinden hat. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass es sich bei den Verzerrungen in der Wahrnehmung des Zeitablaufs zwar um eine häufige Folge des Drogenkonsums handelt, ihre Ursachen jedoch komplex sind.
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