The Development and Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Stress Appraisal Measure
Abstract
This study examines the psychometric properties of the Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM) across three separate and independent samples. A calibration study was conducted with a sample of university students (n = 461), resulting in a 5-factor model based on a parallel analysis and a principal axis factor analysis with direct oblimin rotation. Factor invariance across males and females, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were tested using a second sample of university students (n = 751) and adults (n = 548). The 5-factor model obtained in the calibration study was replicated employing a confirmatory factor analysis of the data from the validation study. Factor invariance across males and females was confirmed. In addition to satisfactory internal consistencies, the correlation of the SAM scales with a conceptually related measure (state anxiety) and a conceptually unrelated measure (social desirability) support the convergent and discriminant validity of the SAM.
References
1997). Sources of acute stress and their appraisals and reappraisals among Australian police as a function of previous experience. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 337–356.
(2007). Amos (Version 16.0) [Computer software]. Chicago, IL: SPSS.
(1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.
(1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In , Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
(2004). Testing for multigroup invariance using AMOS graphics: A road less traveled. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 272–300.
(1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105.
(1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349–354.
(2006). Cognitive appraisal of dissertation stress among undergraduate students. The Psychological Record, 56, 259–266.
(2000). Impact of child noncompliance on stress appraisals, attributions, and disciplinary choices in mothers at high and low risk. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 493–504.
(2008). The case for positive emotions in the stress process. Anxiety Stress and Coping, 21, 3–14.
(1998). Adapting tests for use in multiple languages and cultures. Social Indicators Research, 45(1), 153–171.
(2009). Psychological adjustment to spinal cord injury: The contribution of coping, hope and cognitive appraisals. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 14, 17–33.
(2005). Why is discrimination stressful? The mediating role of cognitive appraisal. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 202–212.
(2009). Transmission of depressive symptoms a study with couples undergoing assisted-reproduction treatment. European Psychologist, 14, 7–17.
(2005). Perceived problem solving, stress, and health among collage students. American Journal of Health Behavior, 29, 360–370.
(2003). Predictors of self-reported problem behaviors in Turkish immigrant and Dutch adolescents in the Netherlands. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44, 412–423.
(1985). Durumluk-Surekli Kaygi Envanteri elkitabi [
(Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ]. İstanbul: Bogaziçi Yayınları.2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods Instruments and Computers, 32, 396–402.
(1990). The cognitive appraisal of stress measure (SAM): A multidimensional approach to cognitive appraisal. Stress Medicine, 6, 227–236.
(2005). Evaluating and developing a multidimensional, dispositional measure of appraisal. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85, 188–196.
(2005). Developing and validating a stress appraisal measure for minority adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 547–557.
(2011). Testing the psychometric properties of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ) in Turkish university students and community samples. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18, 172–185.
(2004). Do we need a communal coping model of pain catastrophizing? An alternative explanation. Pain, 111, 226–229.
(1983). STAI manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
(