Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Original Article

The Assessment of Multicultural Strength

Design and Validation of an Openness to the Other Affective Domain Inventory

Published Online:January 01, 2014https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000187

Abstract

The classification of character strengths and virtues by Peterson and Seligman (2004) includes 24 strengths and 6 virtues. Although the development of this classification was inspired by diverse cultural traditions, no one strength or virtue centrally focused on cultural aspects. Fowers and Davidov (2006) have proposed a new multicultural strength or virtue termed as openness to the other. We developed the Openness to the Other Affective Domain Inventory (OADI), a new 6-item measurement instrument to assess affective attraction to the other, that is, fascination with or attraction to culturally diverse others, and affective aversion to the other, that is, distrust of or disgust with culturally diverse others. The results showed evidence of acceptable reliability, incremental and convergent validity, validity with an external criterion, and known group validity for the OADI. Moreover, a confirmatory factor analysis yielded an excepted two-factor model that corresponded to the attraction and aversion dimensions.

References

  • American Psychological Association. (2003). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for Psychologists. American Psychologist, 58, 377–402. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.58.5.377 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Arnett, J. J. (2002). The psychology of globalization. American Psychologist, 57, 774–783. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.57.10.774 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Browne, M. W. (2001). An overview of analytic rotation in exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 111–150. doi: 10.1207/S15327906MBR3601_05 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bryant, J. , Law, D. (2004). New Zealand’s Diaspora and overseas born population. Wellington: New Zealand Treasury Working Paper 04/13. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Burisch, M. (1984). Approaches to personality inventory construction: A comparison of merits. American Psychologist, 39, 214–227. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.39.3.214 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Carr, S. C. (2010). Introduction: The psychology of global mobility. In S. C. Carr, (Ed.), International and cultural psychology. The psychology of global mobility. pp. 1–19). doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6208-9_1 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Carr, S. C. (2011). A Global Community Psychology of Mobility. Psychosocial Intervention, 20, 319–325. doi: 10.5093/in2011v20n3a8 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Carr, S. C. , Inkson, K. , Thorn, K. (2005). From global careers to talent flow: Reinterpreting “brain drain”. Journal of World Business, 40, 386–398. doi: 10.1016/j.jwb.2005.08.006 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Castro Solano, A. (2000). Estilos de personalidad, objetivos de vida y satisfacción vital. Un estudio comparativo con adolescentes argentinos. [Personality styles, life objectives, and satisfaction with life. A comparative study with Argentinian adolescents] Doctoral Thesis. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Castro Solano, A. (2005). Técnicas de evaluación psicológica en los ámbitos militares [Psychological assessment techniques in the military area] Buenos Aires: Paidós. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Castro Solano, A. (2012). La evaluación de las competencias culturales: Validación del inventario ICC [Assessment of cultural competence: Validation of the inventory ICC] Interdisciplinaria, 29, 109–132. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Castro Solano, A. , Casullo, M. M. (2001). Rasgos de personalidad, bienestar psicológico y rendimiento académico en adolescentes argentinos. [Personality traits, psychological well-being, and academic achievement of Argentine adolescents] Interdisciplinaria, 18, 65–85. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Clark, L. A. , Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cosentino, A. C. (2009). Evaluación de las virtudes y fortalezas humanas en población de habla hispana [Assessment of human virtues and strengths in Hispanic language population]. Psicodebate, 10, 53–71. Retrieved from www.palermo.edu/cienciassociales/publicaciones/pdf/psico10/10Psico_03.pdf First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cosentino, A. C. (2011). Fortalezas del carácter en militares argentinos [Character strengths in Argentinean soldiers] Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universidad de Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cosentino, A. C. , Castro Solano, A. (2008a). Adaptación y validación argentina de la Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale [Argentinian adaptation and validation of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale]. Interdisciplinaria, 25, 197–216. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cosentino, A. C. , Castro Solano, A. (2008b). Inventario de virtudes y fortalezas [Virtues and strengths inventory]. Unpublished manuscript First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cosentino, A. C. , Castro Solano, A. (2012). Character strengths: A study of Argentinean soldiers. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 199–215. doi: 10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n1.37310 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Costello, A. B. , Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10, Retrieved from 1–9. pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=10&n=7 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Crawford, A. V. , Green, S. B. , Levy, R. , Lo, W.-J. , Scott, L. , Svetina, D. , Thompson, M. S. (2010). Evaluation of parallel analysis methods for determining the number of factors. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 885–901. doi: 10.1177/0013164410379332 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Crowne, D. P. , Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349–354. doi: 10.1037/h0047358 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dahlsgaard, K. , Peterson, C. , Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Shared virtue: The convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history. Review of General Psychology, 9, 203–213. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.203 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Davies, P. G. , Steele, C. M. , Markus, H. R. (2008). A nation challenged: The impact of foreign threat on America’s tolerance for diversity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 308–318. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.2.308 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Diener, E. , Larsen, R. (1993). The experience of emotional well-being. In M. Lewis, J M. Haviland, (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (pp. 405–415). New York, NY: Guilford. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Diener, E. , Emmons, R. A. , Larsen, R. J. , Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dolan, C. V. (1994). Factor analysis of variables with 2, 3, 5 and 7 response categories: A comparison of categorical variable estimators using simulated data. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 47, 309–326. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1994.tb01039.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fowers, B. J. , Davidov, B. J. (2006). The virtue of multiculturalism: Personal transformation, character, and openness to the other. American Psychologist, 61, 581–594. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.581 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fowler, R. D. , Seligman, M. E. P. , Koocher, G. P. (1999). The APA 1998 Annual Report. American Psychologist, 54, 537–568. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.537 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Furnham, A. (2010). Human mobility in a global era. In S. C. Carr, (Ed.), International and cultural psychology. The psychology of global mobility. pp. 23–45). doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6208-9_2 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hammer, M. R. , Bennett, M. J. , Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The Intercultural Development Inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 421–443. doi: 10.1016/S0147-1767(03)00032-4 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Helms, J. E. , Henze, K. T. , Sass, T. L. , Mifsud, V. A. (2006). Treating Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients as data in counseling research. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 630–660. doi: 10.1177/0011000006288308 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Herek, G. M. , Capitanio, J. P. (1996). “Some of my best friends”: Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 412–424. doi: 10.1177/0146167296224007 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Holgado-Tello, F. P. , Chacón-Moscoso, S. , Barbero-García, I. , Vila-Abad, E. (2010). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 44, 153–166. doi: 10.1007/s11135-008-9190-y First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hunsley, J. , Meyer, G. J. (2003). The incremental validity of psychological testing and assessment: Conceptual, methodological, and statistical issues. Psychological Assessment, 15, 446–455. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.15.4.446 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • John, O. P. , Naumann, L. P. , Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, L. A. Pervin, (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology: Theory and research (3rd ed.). (pp. 114–158). New York, NY: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kennedy, C. H. , Jones, D. E. , Arita, A. A. (2007). Multicultural experiences of US military psychologists: Current trends and training target areas. Psychological Services, 4, 158–167. doi: 10.1037/1541-1559.4.3.158 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Klopf, D. (2001). Intercultural encounters: The fundamentals of intercultural communication (5th ed.). Englewood, CO: Morton. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Larsen, R. J. , Diener, E. , Emmons, R. A. (1985). An evaluation of subjective well-being measures. Social Indicators Research, 17, 1–17. doi: 10.1007/BF00354108 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Levy, R. , Svetina, D. (2011). A generalized dimensionality discrepancy measure for dimensionality assessment in multidimensional item response theory. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 64, 208–232. doi: 10.1348/000711010X500483 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Linley, P. A. , Joseph, S. , Harrington, S. , Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 3–16. doi: 10.1080/17439760500372796 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lorenzo-Seva, U. , Timmerman, M. E. , Kiers, H. A. L. (2011). The Hull method for selecting the number of common factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46, 340–364. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2011.564527 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lustig, M. , Koester, J. (1999). Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Addison Wesley Longman. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Macdonald, C. , Bore, M. , Munro, D. (2008). Values in action scale and the Big 5: An empirical indication of structure. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, Retrieved from dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.003 787–799. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Matsunaga, M. (2010). How to factor-analyze your data right: Do’s, don’ts, and how-to’s. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3, 97–110. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Muck, P. M. , Hell, B. , Gosling, S. D. (2007). Construct validation of a short five-factor model instrument: A self-peer study on the German adaptation of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI-G). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23, 166–175. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.166 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Park, N. , Peterson, C. , Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 603–619. doi: 10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Peterson, C. , Park, N. (2004). Classification and measurement of character strengths: Implications for practice. In P. A. Linley, S. Joseph, (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 433–446). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Peterson, C. , Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; Oxford University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pettigrew, T. F. , Tropp, L. R. (2000). Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice: Recent meta-analytic findings. In S. Oskamp, (Ed.), “The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology” – Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 93–114). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pettigrew, T. F. , Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751–783. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rammstedt, B. , John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 203–212. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rhemtulla, M. , Brosseau-Liard, P. É. , Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17, 354–373. doi: 10.1037/a0029315 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sass, D. A. , Schmitt, T. A. (2010). A comparative investigation of rotation criteria within exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 73–103. doi: 10.1080/00273170903504810 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schmitt, T. A. (2011). Current methodological considerations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 304–321. doi: 10.1177/0734282911406653 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schmitt, T. A. , Sass, D. A. (2011). Rotation criteria and hypothesis testing for exploratory factor analysis: Implications for factor pattern loadings and interfactor correlations. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71, 95–113. doi: 10.1177/0013164410387348 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schweizer, K. (2010). Some guidelines concerning the modeling of traits and abilities in test construction. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 1–2. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000001 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Schweizer, K. (2011). Some thoughts concerning the recent shift from measures with many items to measures with few items. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 71–72. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000056 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Smith, G. T. , Fischer, S. , Fister, S. M. (2003). Incremental validity principles in test construction. Psychological Assessment, 15, 467–477. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.15.4.467 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sue, D. W. , Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Svetina, D. , Levy, R. (2012). An overview of software for conducting dimensionality assessment in multidimensional models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 36, 659–669. doi: 10.1177/0146621612454593 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • ten Holt, J. C. , van Duijn, M. A. J. , Boomsma, A. (2010). Scale construction and evaluation in practice: A review of factor analysis versus item response theory applications. Retrieved from core.kmi.open.ac.uk/display/826428 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Thomas, D. (2008). Cross-cultural management. Essential Concepts. London, UK: Sage. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Timmerman, M. E. , Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16, 209–220. doi: 10.1037/a0023353 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wirth, R. J. , Edwards, M. C. (2007). Item factor analysis: Current approaches and future directions. Psychological Methods, 12, 58–79. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.58 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Yang-Wallentin, F. , Jöreskog, K. G. , Luo, H. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables with misspecified models. Structural Equation Modeling, 17, 392–423. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2010.489003 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar