An Approach to Response Scale Development for Cross-Cultural Questionnaires

This project was carried out on behalf of the WHOQOL group, which comprises a coordinating group, collaborating investigators in each of the field centers, and a panel of consultants. Dr J. Orley directs the project. The work reported on here was carried out in the 15 initial field centers, in which the collaborating investigators were: Prof. H. Herrman, Dr H. Schofield, and Ms B. Murphy, University of Melbourne, Australia; Prof. Z. Metelko, Prof. S. Szabo, and Mrs M. Pibernik-Okanovic, Institute of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb, Croatia; Dr N. Quemada and Dr A. Caria, INSERM, Paris, France; Dr S. Rajkumar and Mrs Shuba Kumar, Madras Medical College, India; Dr S. Saxena and Dr K. Chandiramani, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Dr M. Amir and Dr D. Bar-On, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheeva, Israel; Dr Miyako Tazaki, Department of Science, Science University of Tokyo, Japan, and Dr Ariko Noji, Department of Community Health Nursing, St Luke's College of Nursing, Japan; Dr G. van Heck and Dr J. De Vries, Tilburg University, The Netherlands; Prof. J. Arroyo Sucre and Prof. L. Picard-Ami, University of Panama, Panama; Prof. M. Kabanov, Dr A. Lomachenkov, and Dr G. Burkovsky, Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; Dr R. Lucas Carrasco, Barcelona, Spain; Dr Yooth Bodharamik and Mr Kitikorn Meesapya, Institute of Mental Health, Bangkok, Thailand; Dr S. Skevington, University of Bath, United Kingdom; Dr D. Patrick, Ms M. Martin, and Ms D. Wild, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; and Prof. W. Acuda and Dr J. Mutambirwa, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.Data was also taken from new centers field testing the WHOQOL-100 in which collaborating investigators were: Dr S. Bonicaato, FUNDONAR, Fundcion Oncologica Argentina, Argentina; Dr G. Yongping, St Vincent's Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Dr M. Fleck, University of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Prof. M.C. Angermeyer and Dr R. Kilian, Universitätsklinikum, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Leipzig, Germany; Mr L. Kwok-fai, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong.In addition to the expertise provided from the centers, the project has benefited from considerable assistance from: Dr. M. Bullinger, Dr A. Harper, Dr W. Kuyken, Dr M. Power, and Dr N. Sartorius.