An Investigation of the Factor Structure of the 16PF, Version 5
A Confirmatory Factor and Invariance Analysis
Abstract
In order to examine its higher-order factor structure, we applied confirmatory factor and invariance analysis to item level data from the US standardization sample of the 16PF5, divided into a calibration sample (N = 5,130) and a validation sample (N = 5,131). Using standard assessments of model fit, all primary factors displayed good to excellent model fit, thus suggesting the scales to be broadly unidimensional. Results indicated a drop in model fit in both the structural and configurally invariant second order models, suggesting some level of misspecification in the global scales of Extraversion, Anxiety, Tough-Mindedness, Independence, and Self-Control. However, the degree of misspecification was slight. Overall, the analyses generally supported the proposed structure of the 16PF5.
References
2003). Replicability of the first-order 16PF-5 factors: An analysis of three parcelling methods. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 667–677.
(2005). Reanalyzing the 16PF-5 second order structure: Exploratory versus confirmatory factorial analysis. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 20, 343–353.
(2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 397–438.
(2001). Item parcelling issues in structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides R. E. SchumackerEds., New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling (pp. 269–296). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1982). An item and radial parcel factor analysis of the 16PF questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 259–270.
(2005). Gradient projection algorithms and software for arbitrary rotation criteria in factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65, 676–696.
(1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York, NY: Wiley.
(2003). The theoretical status of latent variables. Psychological Review, 110, 203–219.
(1989). Re-examination of the major personality-type factors in the Cattell, Comrey and Eysenck Scales: Were the factor solutions of Noller et al. optimal? Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 1289–1299.
(1991). Does item homogeneity indicate internal consistency or item redundancy in psychometric scales? Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 291–294.
(1956). Validation and intensification of the sixteen personality factor questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 12, 205–214.
(1974). Radial parcel factoring-vs.-item factoring in defining personality structure in questionnaires: Theory and experimental checks. Australian Journal of Psychology, 26, 103–119.
(1968). Personality factor structure of the combined Guildford and Cattell personality questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 107–120.
(1986). The number of factors in the 16PF: A review of the evidence with special emphasis on methodological problems. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46, 509–521.
(2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14, 464–504.
(2001). Investigating the hierarchical factor structure of the fifth edition of the 16PF: An application of the Schmid-Leiman Orthogonalization procedure. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 290–302.
(2001). Fitting item response theory models to two personality inventories: Issues and insights. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 523–562.
(2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 235–255.
(Conn, S. R.Rieke, M. L. Eds.. (1994). The 16PF fifth edition technical manual. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
2006). Higher-order factor structures and intercorrelations of the 16PF5 and FIRO-B. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 14, 385–391.
(2006). Confirmatory factor analytic procedures for the determination of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 13, 378–402.
(1991). The 16PF related to the five-factor model of personality: Multiple-indicator measurement versus the a priori scales. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26, 271–289.
(1997). A robust five-factor structure of the 16PF: Strong evidence from independent rotation and confirmatory factorial invariance procedures. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 247–269.
(2010). How should the internal structure of personality inventories be evaluated? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 332–346.
(1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424–453.
(1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
(2006). Factor analysis of ordinal variables with full information maximum likelihood. Retrieved from www.ssicentral.com/lisrel/techdocs/orfiml.pdf
(2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151–173.
(2010). A new look at the big-five factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling. Psychological Assessment, 22, 471–491.
(1989). The factor structure of the 16PF: Twelve primary and three secondary factors. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 931–940.
(1996). Evaluating replicability of factors in the revised NEO personality inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis versus procrustes rotation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 552–566.
(2006). Problems with item parcelling for confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance. Organizational Research Methods, 9, 369–403.
(2010). Mplus User’s Guide (6th Ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen.
(2004). The hierarchical structures of the NEO PI-R and the 16PF5. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20, 27–38.
(2010). A comparative investigation of rotation criteria within exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 73–103.
(1981). Reliability, homogeneity and the construct validity of Cattell’s 16PF. Personality and Individual Differences, 2, 325–333.
(2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147–177.
(2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8, 23–74.
(2010). Variability in parameter estimates and model fit across repeated allocations of items to parcels. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 322–358.
(2011). The NEO personality inventory revised (NEO-PI-R): Exploring the measurement structure and variants of the five-factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1300–1304.
(2012). The effect of error correlation on interfactor correlation in psychometric measurement. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 19, 99–117.
(1987). Multivariate exploratory data analysis: A perspective on exploratory factor analysis. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
(2005). Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, and McDonald’s ω H: Their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika, 70, 123–133.
(