Looking at the Same Interaction and Seeing Something Different
The Role of Informational Contexts, Judgment Perspective, and Behavioral Coding on Judgment Accuracy
Abstract
Abstract. The role of information context, judgment perspective and cue type on the “accuracy” of first impressions of another’s Big5 personality was studied in three phases of data collection (n = 173). Accurate judgments were defined as the level of agreement between a target person’s aggregated personality score (i.e., average of self and informant ratings of personality) and a personality judgement about the target, indexed using item correlations. Results for Phase 1 found that completing a different task with the same partner improved accuracy for conscientiousness. Phase 2 investigated the relationship between a person’s role (judgment perspective) within an interaction (interactants, observers) and showed that Observers were better at judging the less interpersonal traits of conscientiousness and openness relative to Interactants. Finally, Phase 3 examined the types of cues that people used when rating another’s personality. Although Observers and Interactants had access to the same interaction, analyses revealed that they employed different types of cues when judging others. Findings are discussed in terms of Funder’s Realistic Accuracy Model (1995, 1999) along with practical implications, limitations and suggestions for future research.
References
1998). Emotions in negotiation: How to manage fear and anger. Negotiation Journal, 14, 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024657321423
(1988). Extraversion and the ability to decode nonverbal communication. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 965–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(88)90130-4
(1988). Consensus in personality judgments at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 387–395.
(1985). Global self-evaluation as determined by the desirability and controllability of trait adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1621–1630. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49
(1937). Personality. New York, NY: Holt, 173–181.
(1995). On judging and being judged accurately in zero-acquaintance situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 518–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.518
(1998). Nonverbal communication. Encyclopedia of Mental Health, 2, 775–782.
(2008). The agreeableness asymmetry in first impressions: Perceivers’ impulse to (mis)judge agreeableness and how it is moderated by power. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1719–1736. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208323932
(1989).
(Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters . In J. P. ForgasJ. M. InnesEds., Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp. 189–203). North Holland, The Netherlands: Elsevier.2016).
(Accuracy of judging personality . In J. A. HallM. Schmid MastT. V. WestEds., The social psychology of perceiving others accurately (pp. 1116–1122). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.2008). How extraverted is [email protected]? Inferring personality traits from email addresses. Journal of Research in Personality, 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.001
(2010). Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-idealization. Psychological Science, 21, 372–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797609360756
(1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test of the mediating effects of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 715–722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.5.715
(2007). Psychology as the science of self reports and finger movements: Whatever happened to actual behavior? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00051
(2011). Information quality in personality judgment: The value of personal disclosure. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.01.001
(2010). The effects of information and exposure on self-other agreement. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.10.002
(1994). Measuring person perception accuracy: Another look at self-other agreement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294204004
(2000). Personality, nonverbal behavior, and interaction quality in female dyads. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 278–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200265002
(2007). What do you learn about someone over time? The relationship between length of acquaintance and consensus and self-other agreement in judgments of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.119
(1998). The effect of information on consensus and accuracy in personality judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp
(2000). Participation and decision-making: The role of interactivity in communication processes and outcomes. Manuscript submitted for publication
(1992). Trait inferences: Sources of validity at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 645–657. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.645
(1995). Observable attributes as manifestations and cues of personality and intelligence. Journal of Personality, 63, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00799.x
(2004). Thin slices of behavior as cues of personality and intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 599–614. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.599
(1956). Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments. Berkeley/Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
(1991). Applying a social meaning model to relational message interpretations of conversational involvement: Comparing Observer and participant perspectives. Southern Journal of Communication, 56, 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949109372822
(1979).
(How to assess personality and social patterns: Observations or ratings? . In R. B. CairnsEd., The analysis of social interactions: Methods, issues and illustrations (pp. 209–226). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.2007). A thin slice perspective on the accuracy of first impressions. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1054–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.01.004
(1988). The t test for means. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd. ed., pp. 20–26). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 653–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90236-I
(1959). Interpretation of reliability and validity coefficients: Remarks on a paper by Lord. Journal of Educational Psychology, 50, 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042848
(1997).
(Personality and empathic accuracy . In W. J. IckesEd., Empathic accuracy (pp. 144–168). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.1991). Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Penguin books.
(2014). The N-pact factor: Evaluating the quality of empirical journals with respect to sample size and statistical power. PloS One, 9, e109019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109019
(1995). On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach. Psychological Review, 102, 652–670. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.4.652
(1999). Personality judgment: A realistic approach to person perception. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
(2001).
(Accuracy in personality judgment: Research and theory concerning an obvious question . In B. W. RobertsR. HoganEds., Personality Psychology in the Workplace. Decade of Behavior (pp. 121–140). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.1988). Friends and strangers: Acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.149
(1991). Explorations in behavioral consistency: Properties of persons, situations, and behaviors. Journal of Personality, 60, 773–794. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.5.773
(1993). Behavioral manifestations of personality: An ecological approach to judgmental accuracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.479
(1993). Consensus, self-other agreement, and accuracy in personality judgment: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 61, 457–467.
(2008). A framework for profile similarity: Integrating similarity, normativeness, and distinctiveness. Journal of Personality, 76, 1267–1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00521.x
(1987). Influence and inference: What the active perceiver overlooks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 861–870. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.5.861
(2003). Perception of e-mail personality at zero-acquaintance: Extraversion takes care of itself; neuroticism is a worry. Proceedings of the 25th annual conference of the cognitive science society. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 456–461.
(2011). Reviewers and the detection of deceptive information in recorded interviews. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 252–269.
(1981). Meta-analysis in social research. London, UK: Sage.
(1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26
(2006). The international personality item pool and the future of public domain personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007
(2002). A room with a cue: Personality judgments based on offices and bedrooms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 379–398. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82
(2009). Eavesdropping on social life: The accuracy of stranger ratings of daily behavior from thin slices of natural conversations. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 660–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.03.017
(2012). Accuracy and assumed similarity in first impressions of personality: Differing associations at different levels of analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 106–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.10.002
(1969). Interpersonal judgmental accuracy and bias as a function of degree of acquaintance. Proceedings of the 77th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 4, 135–136.
(1993). Determinants of interjudge agreement on personality traits: The Big Five domains, observability, evaluativeness, and the unique perspective of the self. Journal of Personality, 61, 521–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00781.x/full
(1997). The role of affect in negotiations: An integrative overview. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 33, 84–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886397331007
(1994). Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis. New York, NY: Guilford.
(2004). Reconceptualizing individual differences in self-enhancement bias: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Review, 111, 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.94
(2005). Personality and behavioural correlates of accurate personality judgment (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Berkeley
(2008). The good judge of personality: Characteristics, behaviors, and observer accuracy. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 914–932. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886397331007
(2006). Quantity and quality of available information affect the realistic accuracy of personality judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.111
(2006). Personality perception: A developmental study. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 652–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.07.001
(2009). Personality judgments based on physical appearance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1661–1671. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209346309
(1966). Raters, ratees, and randomness in personality structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 681–691. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024002
(2000). Understanding optimal outcomes. Human Communication Research, 26, 527–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00768.x
(1992). The effect of acquaintanceship on the validity of personality impressions: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 816–824. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.5.816
(2008).
(Self-presentation on personality scales: An agency-communion framework . In O. P. JohnR. W. RobinsL. A. PervinEds., Handbook of personality (pp. 493–517). New York, NY: Guilford.2008). Value revelations: Disclosure is in the eye of the beholder. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 795–809. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012710
(2001). The sounds and sights of intelligence: A lens model channel analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 187–200.
(1987). Judgment studies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
(1984). Speaking to and about patients: Predicting therapists’ tone of voice. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52(4), 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.52.4.679
(1978). Personality inference from voice quality: The loud voice of extroversion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 8, 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420080405
(1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420080405
(2011). False-Positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632
(1985).
(Personality and social behavior . In G. LindzeyE. AronsonEds., Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., pp. 883–948). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.1989). Actor‐Observer differences in conversational memory. Human Communication Research, 15, 590–611.
(1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245
(1955). The ability to judge people. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044999
(1987). The press of personality: A study of conversations between introverts and extraverts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 718–726. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.718
(2008). Portrait of a narcissist: Manifestation of narcissism in physical appearance. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1439–1447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.007
(2003). Interpersonal orientation and the accuracy of personality judgments. Journal of Personality, 71, 267–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7102005
(2016). Getting the balance right? A mismatch in interaction demands between target and judge impacts on judgement accuracy for some traits but not others. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.037
(2013). Rich contexts do not always enrich the accuracy of personality judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 1190–1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.05.010
(1989). Strangers’ ratings of the five robust personality factors: Evidence of a surprising convergence with self report. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.1.120
(1991). Self-versus peer ratings of specific emotional traits: Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 927–940. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.927
(2000). Self-other agreement in personality and affectivity: The role of acquaintanceship, trait visibility, and assumed similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 546–558. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.546
(2007). Understanding power and rules of thumb for determining sample sizes. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 3, 43–50.
(2016). The correlates of similarity estimates are often misleadingly positive: The nature and scope of the problem, and some solutions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20, 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315581119
(