Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Original Article

Association of Daily Stress With Daily Anxiety and Depression

Roles of Self-Affirmation and Positive Attention Bias

Published Online:January 31, 2024https://doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/a000140

Abstract

Abstract:Background: As stress continues to mount in everyday life, there is a corresponding uptick in emotional distress, notably anxiety and depression. Aims: The present research, grounded in the theory of resilience-boosting strategies, explored how daily perceived stress affects anxiety and depression, highlighting the critical moderating role of self-affirmation in cognitive pathways, and the significance of positive attention bias in improving stress resilience. Methods: Using a diary methodology, data was collected from 241 participants over 14 consecutive days and was analyzed using a multilevel linear model. Results: Daily positive attention bias mediated the relationship between perceived stress and anxiety/depression, while self-affirmation acted as a cross-level moderator, affecting the relationship between daily perceived stress and daily positive attention bias and its mediation effect. Specifically, for those with high self-affirmation, daily perceived stress has a weaker negative correlation with daily positive attention bias, which coincides with a decreased intensification of anxiety and depression. Limitations: The study’s limitations include a narrow demographic focus on young Chinese participants, a potential overlook of specific bias components by the self-report scale for positive attentional bias, subjective bias from self-reported stress and emotion measures, and an inability to draw causal conclusions from the diary method. Conclusions: These findings suggest that positive attentional bias and self-affirmation, as a mediating mechanism and cross-level moderator, respectively, are associated with diminishing the effect of perceived stress and the subsequent feelings of anxiety/depression, highlighting their potential protective roles in daily stress.

References

  • Allen, A. P., Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2014). Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 38, 94–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Anderson, B. A., Leal, S. L., Hall, M. G., Yassa, M. A., & Yantis, S. (2014). The attribution of value-based attentional priority in individuals with depressive symptoms. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14(4), 1221–1227. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0301-z First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Baik, J.-H. (2020). Stress and the dopaminergic reward system. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 52(12), 1879–1890. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-00532-4 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cai, H., Sedikides, C., & Jiang, L. (2013). Familial self as a potent source of affirmation: Evidence from China. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(5), 529–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612469039 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Calvo, M. G., & Avero, P. (2005). Time course of attentional bias to emotional scenes in anxiety: Gaze direction and duration. Cognition and Emotion, 19(3), 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000157 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Carney, M. A., Armeli, S., Tennen, H., Affleck, G., & O’Neil, T. P. (2000). Positive and negative daily events, perceived stress, and alcohol use: A diary study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 788–798. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.788 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Catabay, C. J., Stockman, J. K., Campbell, J. C., & Tsuyuki, K. (2019). Perceived stress and mental health: The mediating roles of social support and resilience among black women exposed to sexual violence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 259, 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.037 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Choi, J., & So, J. (2019). Effects of self-affirmation on message persuasiveness: A cross-cultural study of the US and South Korea. Asian Journal of Communication, 29(2), 128–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2018.1555265 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cohen, G. L., & Sherman, D. K. (2014). The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 333–371. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., & Miller, G. E. (2007). Psychological Stress and Disease. JAMA, 298(14), 1685–1687. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.14.1685 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(3), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn755 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Crocker, J., Niiya, Y., & Mischkowski, D. (2008). Why does writing about important values reduce defensiveness? Self-affirmation and the role of positive other-directed feelings. Psychological Science, 19(7), 740–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02150.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dandeneau, S. D., & Baldwin, M. W. (2004). The inhibition of socially rejecting information among people with high versus low self-esteem: The role of attentional bias and the effects of bias reduction training. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(4), 584–602. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.4.584.40306 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dandeneau, S. D., Baldwin, M. W., Baccus, J. R., Sakellaropoulo, M., & Pruessner, J. C. (2007). Cutting stress off at the pass: Reducing vigilance and responsiveness to social threat by manipulating attention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 651–666. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.651 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • De Voogd, E. L., Wiers, R. W., Prins, P. J. M., & Salemink, E. (2014). Visual search attentional bias modification reduced social phobia in adolescents. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(2), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.11.006 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dello Russo, S., Antino, M., Zaniboni, S., Caetano, A., & Truxillo, D. (2020). The effect of age on daily positive emotions and work behaviors. Work, Aging and Retirement, 7(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waz026 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dutcher, J. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). The role of brain reward pathways in stress resilience and health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 95, 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.014 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dutcher, J. M., Creswell, J. D., Pacilio, L. E., Harris, P. R., Klein, W. M. P., Levine, J. M., Bower, J. E., Muscatell, K. A., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2016). Self-affirmation activates the ventral striatum: A possible reward-related mechanism for self-affirmation. Psychological Science, 27(4), 455–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615625989 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dutcher, J. M., Eisenberger, N. I., Woo, H., Klein, W. M. P., Harris, P. R., Levine, J. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2020). Neural mechanisms of self-affirmation’s stress buffering effects. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 15(10), 1086–1096. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa042 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ellenbogen, M. A., & Schwartzman, A. E. (2009). Selective attention and avoidance on a pictorial cueing task during stress in clinically anxious and depressed participants. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(2), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.021 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fisher, C. D. (2003). Why do lay people believe that satisfaction and performance are correlated? Possible sources of a commonsense theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(6), 753–777. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.219 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fox, E., Cahill, S., & Zougkou, K. (2010). Preconscious processing biases predict emotional reactivity to stress. Biological Psychiatry, 67(4), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.018 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gloster, A. T., Miché, M., Wersebe, H., Mikoteit, T., Hoyer, J., Imboden, C., Bader, K., Meyer, A. H., Hatzinger, M., & Lieb, R. (2017). Daily fluctuation of emotions and memories thereof: Design and methods of an experience sampling study of major depression, social phobia, and controls. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 26(3), Article e1578. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1578 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gruenewald, T. L., Kemeny, M. E., Aziz, N., & Fahey, J. L. (2004). Acute threat to the social self: Shame, social self-esteem, and cortisol activity. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(6), 915–924. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000143639.61693.ef First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Harris, P. R., Griffin, D. W., Napper, L. E., Bond, R., Schüz, B., Stride, C., & Brearley, I. (2019). Individual differences in self-affirmation: Distinguishing self-affirmation from positive self-regard. Self and Identity, 18(6), 589–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1504819 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ho, S. M. Y., Dai, D. W. T., Mak, C., & Liu, K. W. K. (2018). Cognitive factors associated with depression and anxiety in adolescents: A two-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 18(3), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2018.04.001 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Howell, A. J. (2017). Self-affirmation theory and the science of well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 18(1), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9713-5 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Junça-Silva, A., Mosteo, L., & Lopes, R. R. (2023). The role of mindfulness on the relationship between daily micro-events and daily gratitude: A within-person analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 200, Article 111891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111891 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Junça-Silva, A., & Silva, D. (2022). How is the life without unicorns? A within-individual study on the relationship between uncertainty and mental health indicators: The moderating role of neuroticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 188, Article 111462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111462 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kang, Y., Cooper, N., Pandey, P., Scholz, C., O’Donnell, M. B., Lieberman, M. D., Taylor, S. E., Strecher, V. J., Dal Cin, S., Konrath, S., Polk, T. A., Resnicow, K., An, L., & Falk, E. B. (2018). Effects of self-transcendence on neural responses to persuasive messages and health behavior change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40), 9974–9979. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805573115 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Keedwell, P. A., Andrew, C., Williams, S. C. R., Brammer, M. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2005). The neural correlates of anhedonia in major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 58(11), 843–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.019 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Knight, E. L., Jiang, Y., Rodriguez-Stanley, J., Almeida, D. M., Engeland, C. G., & Zilioli, S. (2021). Perceived stress is linked to heightened biomarkers of inflammation via diurnal cortisol in a national sample of adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 93, 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.015 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kress, L., & Aue, T. (2019). Learning to look at the bright side of life: attention bias modification training enhances optimism bias. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, Article 222. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00222 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Löwe, B., Kroenke, K., & Gräfe, K. (2005). Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2). Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(2), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.09.006 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.15 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mak, W. W. S., Ng, I. S. W., & Wong, C. C. Y. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025195 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • McQueen, A., & Klein, W. M. P. (2006). Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation: A systematic review. Self and Identity, 5(4), 289–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860600805325 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Noguchi, K., Gohm, C. L., & Dalsky, D. J. (2006). Cognitive tendencies of focusing on positive and negative information. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(6), 891–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.008 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ohly, S., Sonnentag, S., Niessen, C., & Zapf, D. (2010). Diary studies in organizational research: An introduction and some practical recommendations. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9(2), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000009 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Palmier-Claus, J. E., Myin-Germeys, I., Barkus, E., Bentley, L., Udachina, A., Delespaul, P. A. E. G., Lewis, S. W., & Dunn, G. (2011). Experience sampling research in individuals with mental illness: Reflections and guidance. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 123(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01596.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Peng, H. (2024). Association of daily stress with daily anxiety and depression: Roles of self-affirmation and positive attention bias [Preregistration]. https://osf.io/ep8hr/?view_only=a97808d5b0074e95a1b76c3fb57d9b3c First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pérez-Edgar, K., Kujawa, A., Nelson, S. K., Cole, C., & Zapp, D. J. (2013). The relation between electroencephalogram asymmetry and attention biases to threat at baseline and under stress. Brain and Cognition, 82(3), 337–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2013.05.009 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pietersma, S., & Dijkstra, A. (2012). Cognitive self-affirmation inclination: An individual difference in dealing with self-threats. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(1), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466610X533768 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Plummer, F., Manea, L., Trepel, D., & McMillan, D. (2016). Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: A systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 39, 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pool, E., Brosch, T., Delplanque, S., & Sander, D. (2016). Attentional bias for positive emotional stimuli: A meta-analytic investigation. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 79–106. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000026 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rockwood, N. J. (2020). Maximum likelihood estimation of multilevel structural equation models with random slopes for latent covariates. Psychometrika, 85, 275–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-020-09702-9 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rockwood, N. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2017, May). MLmed: An SPSS macro for multilevel mediation and conditional process analysis. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Psychological Science (APS), Boston, MA. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rosenbaum, D. L., White, K. S., & Gervino, E. V. (2012). The impact of perceived stress and perceived control on anxiety and mood disorders in noncardiac chest pain. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(8), 1183–1192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105311433906 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sagliano, L., Trojano, L., Di Mauro, V., Carnevale, P., Di Domenico, M., Cozzolino, C., & D’Olimpio, F. (2018). Attentional biases for threat after fear-related autobiographical recall. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 31(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1362297 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sapolsky, R. M. (2015). Stress and the brain: Individual variability and the inverted-U. Nature Neuroscience, 18(10), 1344–1346. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4109 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schäfer, J., Wittchen, H.-U., Höfler, M., Heinrich, A., Zimmermann, P., Siegel, S., & Schönfeld, S. (2015). Is trait resilience characterized by specific patterns of attentional bias to emotional stimuli and attentional control? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 48, 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.010 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schmeichel, B. J., & Vohs, K. (2009). Self-affirmation and self-control: Affirming core values counteracts ego depletion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 770–782. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014635 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schumann, K. (2014). An affirmed self and a better apology: The effect of self-affirmation on transgressors’ responses to victims. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 54, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.04.013 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schwager, S., & Rothermund, K. (2014). The automatic basis of resilience: Adaptive regulation of affect and cognition. In M. KentM. DavisJ. ReichEds., The resilience handbook: Approaches to stress and trauma (pp. 55–72). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sherman, D. K., & Hartson, K. A. (2011). Reconciling self-protection with self-improvement: Self-affirmation theory. In M. D. AlickeC. SedikidesEds., Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection (pp. 128–151). The Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Skinner, E. A., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2006). The development of coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 119–144. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085705 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Tabibnia, G. (2020). An affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 115, 321–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Tabibnia, G., & Radecki, D. (2018). Resilience training that can change the brain. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 70, 59–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000110 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Taylor, C. T., Bomyea, J., & Amir, N. (2011). Malleability of attentional bias for positive emotional information and anxiety vulnerability. Emotion, 11(1), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021301 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Thomaes, S., Bushman, B. J., de Castro, B. O., & Reijntjes, A. (2012). Arousing “gentle passions” in young adolescents: Sustained experimental effects of value affirmations on prosocial feelings and behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 48(1), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025677 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., & Herman, J. P. (2009). Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2647 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Vidal-Ribas, P., Benson, B., Vitale, A. D., Keren, H., Harrewijn, A., Fox, N. A., Pine, D. S., & Stringaris, A. (2019). Bidirectional Associations Between Stress and Reward Processing in Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Neuroimaging Study. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 4(10), 893–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.05.012 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Vogt, J., Bajandouh, Y., & Alzubaidi, U. (2020). Beyond negativity: Motivational relevance as cause of attentional bias to positive stimuli. In T. AueH. Okon-SingerEds., Cognitive biases in health and psychiatric disorders (pp. 1–18). Elsevier. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wai-Ming Mak, V., Man-Yin Ho, S., Li, W.-L., & Ka-Yan Pau, B. (2021). Relationships between hope and mental health among women in prison. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 31(2), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2191 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Waters, A. M., Pittaway, M., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., & Pine, D. S. (2013). Attention training towards positive stimuli in clinically anxious children. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2012.09.004 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Yan, L., Gan, Y., Ding, X., Wu, J., & Duan, H. (2021). The relationship between perceived stress and emotional distress during the COVID-19 outbreak: Effects of boredom proneness and coping style. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 77, Article 102328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102328 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Yang, W., Zhang, J. X., Ding, Z., & Xiao, L. (2016). Attention bias modification treatment for adolescents with major depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(3), 208–218.e202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.12.005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Yao-di, L., Jiang, G., & Yu-qing, Z. (2016). A revision of the Attention to Positive and Negative Information Scale (APNI) in Chinese children. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 861–864. http://clinicalpsychojournal.yywkt.com/Magazine/Show/113612 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Yeung, D. Y., Ho, S. M. Y., & Mak, C. W. Y. (2015). Brief report: Attention to positive information mediates the relationship between hope and psychosocial well-being of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 42, 98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.04.004 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar