This study investigated the direction of effects of temporal and downward social comparisons on self-rated health in very old age. Conversely, self-rated health can either reinforce or hinder comparison processes. In the framework of the Swiss ...

Davis’ Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) was used to assess empathy in a sample of 839 male prisoners aged 15-28. Because recent studies have questioned the usability of the IRI with offenders, psychometric properties of the instrument were analyzed ...

Research on questionnaire design has shown that respondents take a questionnaire’s formal aspects into account when formulating their answers to closed-ended questions (e.g., rating scales, multiple-choice questions). As similar research on open-response ...

This article presents the Regulatory Focus Scale (RFS), an instrument comprising 10 items to record promotion orientation and prevention orientation, in accordance with regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997, 1998). In Study 1 (n = 130), 33 newly-...

Incentives are central to the reinforcement of behavior. In the context of group work, it is important to distinguish between individual and collective incentives as rewards. High reward interdependence should constitute an incentive for cooperation among ...