Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Originalia

Prozessdissoziationsprozedur: Quo Vadis?

Published Online:April 15, 2015https://doi.org/10.1026//0044-3409.211.1.17

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Die Prozessdissoziationsprozedur (PDP) ist ein häufig benutztes Instrument zur Erfassung kontrollierter (“bewusster“) und automatischer (“unbewusster“) Gedächtnisprozesse. Die Forschung der letzten zehn Jahre hat jedoch eine Reihe von Problemen im von L. L. Jacoby (1991) vorgeschlagenen Zwei-Prozess-Messmodell aufgezeigt. Dies hat zur Entwicklung von alternativen Modellen geführt, die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt, systematisiert und bewertet werden. Die Modelle unterscheiden sich auf drei Dimensionen: 1) Modelle mit diskreten vs. kontinuierlichen Prozessvariablen, 2) Modelle mit prüfbaren vs. unprüfbaren Annahmen über die Beziehungen zwischen den Prozessen und 3) Zwei-Prozess-Modelle versus Quellengedächtnismodelle. Für die Zukunft der PDP besonders bedeutsam dürfte sein, dass einige Befunde, die mit Zwei-Prozess-Modellen nur schwer vereinbar sind, plausibel erscheinen, wenn man dieselben Daten im Rahmen von Quellengedächtnismodellen analysiert.


Process dissociation procedure: Quo Vadis?

Abstract. The process dissociation procedure (PDP) is an often used instrument for measuring controlled (“conscious”) and automatic (“unconscious”) memory processes. However, research in the past ten years has established several problems in the two-process measurement model proposed by L. L. Jacoby (1991). This has lead researchers to propose alternative measurement models that are briefly summarized, systematized, and evaluated in this article. These models differ on three dimensions: 1) models with discrete vs. continuous process variables, 2) models based on testable vs. untestable assumptions on the relation between processes, 3) two-process models vs. source memory models. Most important for the future of the process dissociation procedure appears to be the fact that some PDP results that are difficult to reconcile with two-process models become plausible when analyzed within the framework of source monitoring models.

Literatur

  • Banks, W. P. (2000). Recognition and source memory as multivariate decision processes. Psychological Science, 11 , 267– 273 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Batchelder, W. H. , Riefer, D. M. (1990). Multinomial processing models of source monitoring. Psychological Review, 97 , 548– 564 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bayen, U. J. , Murnane, K. , Erdfelder, E. (1996). Source discrimination, item detection, and multinomial models of source monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22 , 197– 215 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Buchner, A. , Erdfelder, E. , Steffens, M. C. , Martensen, H. (1997). The nature of memory processes underlying recognition judgments in the process dissociation procedure. Memory & Cognition, 25 , 508– 517 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Buchner, A. , Erdfelder, E. , Vaterrodt-Plünnecke, B. (1995). Toward unbiased measurement of conscious and unconscious memory processes within the process dissociation framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124 , 137– 160 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Buchner, A. , Wippich, W. (1996). Unconscious gender bias in fame judgments?. Consciousness and Cognition, 5 , 197– 220 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • DeCarlo, L. T. (in press) Source monitoring and multivariate signal detection theory, with a model for selection. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dodson, C. S. , Johnson, M. K. (1996). Some problems with the process dissociation approach to memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125 , 181– 194 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Erdfelder, E. , Buchner, A. (1995). Process dissociation measurement models: Good versus better (Berichte aus dem Psychologischen Institut der Universität Bonn, Band 21, Heft 3). Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Erdfelder, E. , Buchner, A. (1998). Process dissociation measurement models: Threshold theory or signal-detection theory?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127 , 83– 96 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fillmore, M. T. , Kelly, T. H. , Rush, C. R. , Hays, L. (2001). Retrograde fazilitation of memory by triazolam: effects on automatic processes. Psychopharmacology, 158 , 314– 321 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hay, J. F. , Jacoby, J. L. (1996). Separating habit and recollection: Memory slips, process dissociations, and probability matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22 , 1323– 1335 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hillstrom, A. P. , Logan, G. D. (1997). Process dissociation, cognitive architecture, and response time: Comments on Lindsay and Jacoby (1994). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23 , 1561– 1578 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hirshman, E. (1998). On the logic of testing the independence assumption in the process-dissociation procedure. Memory & Cognition, 26 , 857– 859 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30 , 513– 541 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jacoby, L. L. (1998). Invariance in automatic influences of memory: Toward a user’s guide for the process dissociation procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24 , 1– 36 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jacoby, L. L. , Toth, J. P. , Yonelinas, A. P. (1993). Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122 , 139– 154 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jacoby, L. L. , Yonelinas, A. P. , Jennings, J. M. (1997). The relation between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. In J. D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 13-47). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Jennings, J. M. , Jacoby, L. L. (1993). Automatic versus intentional uses of memory: Aging, attention, and control. Psychology and Aging, 8 , 283– 293 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Krüger, T. (1999). Die Erfassung bewußter und unbewußter Gedächtnisprozesse. Die “Prozeß-Dissoziations-Prozedur“ - Probleme und Perspektiven einer neuen Methode . Lengerich: Pabst. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Krüger, T. , Vaterrodt-Plünnecke, B. (1997). Die stochastische Beziehung bewußter und automatischer Gedächtnisprozesse: Eine Erweiterung der Prozeß-Dissoziationsprozedur. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 44 , 220– 245 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Linscott, R. J. , Knight, R. G. (2001). Automatic hypermnesia and impaired recollection in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 15 , 585– 615 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Macho, S. (2002). Cognitive modeling with spreadsheets. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34 , 19– 36 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mulligan, N. W. , Hirshman, E. (1997). Measuring the bases of recognition memory: An investigation of the process dissociation framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23 , 280– 304 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • McNally, R. J. , Otto, M. W. , Hornig, C. D. , Deckersbach, T. (2001). Cognitive bias in panic disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25 , 335– 347 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Roediger, H. L. , McDermott, K. B. (1994). The problem of differing false-alarm rates for the process dissociation procedure: Comment on Verfaellie and Treadwell (1993). Neuropsychology, 8 , 284– 288 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (1999). Effects of divided attention and time course on automatic and controlled components of memory in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 14 , 331– 345 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. , Nissley, H. M. (2000). Effects of divided attention on automatic and controlled components of memory after severe closed-head injury. Neuropsychology, 14 , 559– 569 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Shapiro, S. , Krishnan, H. S. (2001). Memory-based measures for assessing advertising effects: A comparison of explicit and implicit memory effects. Journal of Advertising, 30 , 1– 13 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Smith, J. A. , Knight, R. G. (2002). Memory processing in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 40 , 666– 682 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Snodgrass, J. G. , Corwin, J. (1988). Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117 , 34– 50 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Steffens, M. C. , Buchner, A. , Martensen, H. , Erdfelder, E. (2000). Further evidence on the similarity of memory processes in the process dissociation procedure and in source monitoring. Memory & Cognition, 28 , 1152– 1164 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Vaterrodt-Plünnecke, B. , Krüger, T. , Bredenkamp, J. (2002). Process dissociation procedure: A testable model for considering assumptions about the stochastic relation between consciously controlled and automatic processes. Experimental Psychology, 49 , 3– 26 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Vaterrodt-Plünnecke, B. , Krüger, T. , Gerdes, H. , Bredenkamp, J. (1996). Prozeß-Dissoziations-Prozedur: Prüfbare Messmodelle zur Erfassung von kontrollierten, automatischen und Antworttendenz-Prozessen. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 43 , 483– 519 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Yonelinas, A. P. , Jacoby, L. L. (1996). Response bias and the process-dissociation procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125 , 422– 434 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Yonelinas, A. P. , Regehr, G. , Jacoby, L. L. (1995). Incorporating response bias in a dual-process theory of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 34 , 821– 835 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Yu, J. , Bellezza, F. S. (2000). Process dissociation and source monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26 , 1518– 1533 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar