Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Open AccessOriginalarbeit

Was macht bei der Arbeit glücklich?

Entwicklung und Validierung einer mehrdimensionalen Skala zur Erfassung von Glück bei der Arbeit

Published Online:September 24, 2021https://doi.org/10.1026/0932-4089/a000373

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Glück bei der Arbeit spielt neben Arbeitszufriedenheit in der Forschung eine immer größere Rolle. Glück wurde sowohl theoretisch als auch metanalytisch mit positiven Folgen in Verbindung gebracht. Allerdings fehlt bislang ein validiertes Instrument in deutscher Sprache, um Bedingungen von Glück bei der Arbeit zu erfassen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist deshalb, ein Messinstrument zur Erfassung von Bedingungen von Glück bei der Arbeit zu entwickeln und zu validieren. Basierend auf einem Modell von Rehwaldt (2017) entstand in vier aufeinander aufbauenden qualitativen und quantitativen Studien eine vierdimensionale Skala zur Erfassung von Bedingungen von Glück bei der Arbeit (HappinessandWork-Scale). In explorativen und konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen konnten vier Faktoren (Sinnempfinden, Selbstverwirklichung, Gemeinschaft professionell und Gemeinschaft vertraut) aufgedeckt werden, die erwartungsgemäß positiv korreliert waren. Die divergente Validität der vier Faktoren zeigte sich durch unterschiedliche Zusammenhänge mit mehreren relevanten Kriterien (z. B. Commitment, innovatives Verhalten). Implikationen der Ergebnisse für Theorie und Praxis werden abschließend diskutiert.


What Makes You Happy at Work? Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Scale to Assess Happiness at Work

Abstract. Happiness at work plays an increasingly important role in research. Both theoretically and meta-analytically, happiness has been associated with positive consequences. However, a validated instrument in German to measure factors for happiness at work is still missing. This paper develops and validates an instrument to assess factors for happiness at work. Based on a model by Rehwaldt (2017), we developed a four-dimensional scale to assess factors for happiness at work (i. e., HappinessandWork-Scale) in four consecutive qualitative and quantitative studies. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we identified four factors (meaningfulness, self-actualization, community professional, and community familiar) that were positively intercorrelated as expected. The divergent validity of the four factors was proven through different correlations with several relevant criteria (e. g., commitment, innovative behavior). We discuss the implications of the results for both theory and practice.

Literatur

  • Allan, B. A., Batz-Barbarich, C., Sterling, H. M. & Tay, L. (2019). Outcomes of meaningful work: A meta‐analysis. Journal of management studies, 56, 500 – 528. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12406 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In B. M. StawL. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 10, pp. 123 167). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Antonovsky, A. & Franke, A. (1997). Salutogenese. Zur Entmystifizierung der Gesundheit. Tübingen: Dgvt. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Argyle, M. (2003). Causes and correlates of happiness. In D. KahnemanE. DienerN. Schwarz (Eds.), (2003)., Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (pp. 353 – 373). New York: Russell Sage Foundations. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demand-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22 (3), 309 – 328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Beierlein, C., Kovaleva, A., László, Z., Kemper, C. J. & Rammstedt, B. (2015). Kurzskala zur Erfassung der Allgemeinen Lebenszufriedenheit (L-1). Zusammenstellung sozialwissenschaftlicher Items und Skalen. https://doi.org/10.6102/zis229 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Butler, J. & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6 (3), 1 – 48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bruggemann, A. (1974). Zur Unterscheidung verschiedener Formen von Arbeitszufriedenheit. Arbeit und Leistung, 28, 281 – 284. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bruggemann, A., Groskurth, P. & Ulich, E. (1975). Arbeitszufriedenheit. Bern: Huber. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cascio, W. F. & Montealegre, R. (2016). How technology is changing work and organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 349 – 375. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062352 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Castriota, S. (2006). Education and happiness: A further explanation to the Easterlin Paradox. Verfügbar unter: http://dspace.uniroma2.it/dspace/bitstream/2108/536/1/246.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M. & Nassrelgrgawi, A. S. (2016). Performance, incentives, and needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness: A meta-analysis. Motivation and Emotion, 40, 781 – 813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-016-9578-2 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10 (1), Article 7 https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2004). Flow im Beruf: Das Geheimnis des Glücks am Arbeitsplatz. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (3), 499 – 512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Demir, M. & Weitekamp, L. A. (2007). I am so happy ’cause today I found my friend: Friendship and personality as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 181 – 211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9012-7 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542 – 575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Diener, E. & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). Happiness: Unlocking the mysteries of psychological wealth. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W. & Oishi, S. (2009). New measures of well-being. In E. Diener (Eds.), Assessing well-being (pp. 247 – 266). Heidelberg: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dietz, G. & Hartog, D. N. D. (2006). Measuring trust inside organisations. Personnel Review, 35, 557 – 588. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480610682299 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350 – 383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ehresmann, C. & Badura, B. (2018). Sinnquellen in der Arbeitswelt und ihre Bedeutung für die Gesundheit. In B. BaduraA. DuckiH. SchröderJ. KloseM. Meyer (Hrsg.), Fehlzeiten-Report 2018 (S. 47 – 59). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57388-4_4 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M. & Young, M. J. (1997). Positive affect facilitates integration of information and decreases anchoring in reasoning among physicians. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72 (1), 117 – 135. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2734 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C. & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Psychological Research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272 – 299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Felfe, J. & Six, B. (2006). Die Relation von Arbeitszufriedenheit und Commitment. In L. Fischer (Hg.), Arbeitszufriedenheit: Konzepte und empirische Befunde (2. Aufl., S. 37 – 61). Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. London: Sage. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fischer, L. (2006). Arbeitszufriedenheit. Steuerungstechnik der Arbeitsmoral oder messsensibles Artefakt? Die Forschungsarbeiten im Überblick. In L. Fischer (Hrsg.), Arbeitszufriedenheit: Konzepte und empirische Befunde (S. 1 – 11). Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fisher, C. D. (2010). Happiness at work. International journal of management reviews, 12, 384 – 412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fisher, G. G., Matthews, R. A. & Gibbons, A. M. (2016). Developing and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21 (1), 3 – 23. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039139 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Frankl, V. E. (2005). Ärztliche Seelsorge: Grundlagen der Logotherapie und Existenzanalyse. Frankfurt/M.: Paul Zsolnay Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden–and–build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359 (1449), 1367 – 1377. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Frey, B. S. (2008). Happiness: A revolution in economics. Massachusetts: The MIT press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262062770.001.0001 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gagné, M., Forest, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Crevier-Braud, L., Van den Broeck, A., Aspeli, A. K. et al. (2015). The Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale: Validation evidence in seven languages and nine countries. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 178 – 196. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2013.877892 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gerdtham, U.G. & Johannesson, M. (2001). The relationship between happiness, health, and socioeconomic factors: Results based on Swedish microdate. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 6, 553 – 557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(01)00118-4 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gläser, J. & Laudel, G. (2010). Experteninterviews und qualitative Inhaltsanalyse als Instrumente rekonstruierender Untersuchungen (4. Auflage). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Graen, G. B. & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219 – 247. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hackman, J. R. & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hamouche, S. (2020). COVID-19 and employees’ mental health: stressors, moderators and agenda for organizational actions. Emerald Open Research, 2: 15 https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13550.1 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hausler, M., Huber, A., Strecker, C., Brenner, M., Höge, T. & Höfer, S. (2017). Validierung eines Fragebogens zur umfassenden Operationalisierung von Wohlbefinden. Diagnostica, 63, 219 – 228. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000174 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. & Syndermann, B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: Wiley & Sons. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Höge, T. & Schnell, T. (2012). Kein Arbeitsengagement ohne Sinnerfüllung. Eine Studie zum Zusammenhang von Work Engagement, Sinnerfüllung und Tätigkeitsmerkmalen. Wirtschaftspsychologie, 1, 91 – 99. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hutcheson, G. D. & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist: Introductory statistics using generalized linear models. London: Sage. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Isen, A. M., Rosenzweig, A. S. & Young, M. J. (1991). The influence of positive affect on clinical problem solving. Medical Decision Making, 11, 221 – 227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X9101100313 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jiménez, P. (2006). Arbeitszufriedenheit als Mittlervariable in homöostatischen Feedbackprozessen. Eine kybernetische Perspektive. In L. Fischer (Hrsg.), Arbeitszufriedenheit: Konzepte und empirische Befunde (S. 160 – 186). Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Judge, T. A., Parker, S. K., Colbert, A. E., Heller, D. & Ilies, R. (2002). Job satisfaction: A cross-cultural review. In N. AndersonD. S. OnesH. K. SinangilC. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology (pp. 25 – 52). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kaplan, R. & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169 – 182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Karasek, R. A. & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work, stress, productivity, and the construction of the working life. New York: Basis Books. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kirchler, E. (2011). Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie. Stuttgart: UTB. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kleine, A., Rudolph, C.W. & Zacher, H. (2019). Thriving at work: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40, 973 – 999. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2375 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kortsch, T. & Paulsen, H. (2020). Stressprävention im Unternehmen. ARP Arbeitsschutz in Recht und Praxis, 2020 (3), 82 – 86. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kushlev, K., Heintzelman, S. J., Lutes, L. D., Wirtz, D., Kanippayoor, J. M., Leitner, D. & Diener, E. (2020). Does happiness improve health? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Science, 31, 807 – 821. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620919673 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803 – 855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • MacKerron, G. & Mourato, S. (2013). Happiness is greater in natural environments. Global Environmental Change, 23, 992 – 1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.03.010 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 56 – 67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.56 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Neuberger, O. & Allerbeck, M. (2014). Arbeitszufriedenheit: Zusammenstellung sozialwissenschaftlicher Items und Skalen. http://www.gesis.org/zis First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ng, J. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L. & Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 325 – 340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612447309 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ohly, S., Sonnentag, S. & Pluntke, F. (2006). Routinization, work characteristics and their relationships with creative and proactive behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27, 257 – 279. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.376 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Paulsen, H. & Kortsch, T. (2020). Stressprävention in modernen Arbeitswelten. Das „Einfach weniger Stress“-Manual. Göttingen: Hogrefe. https://doi.org/10.1026/02924-000 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pryce-Jones, J. & Lutterbie, S. (2010). Why leveraging the science of happiness at work matters: The happy and productive employee. Assessment and Development Matters, 2 (4), 6 – 8. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Raffelhüschen, B. & Grimm, R. (2019). Deutsche Post Glücksatlas 2019. München: Penguin Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rahm, T., Heise, E. & Schuldt, M. (2017). Measuring the frequency of emotions—validation of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) in Germany. PloS one, 12 (2), e0171288. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171288 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rehwaldt, R. (2017). Die glückliche Organisation – Chancen und Hürden für positive Psychologie in Unternehmen. Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22761-6 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Robbins, S. (2001). Organisation der Unternehmung. München: Pearson. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rosso, B. D., Dekas, K. H. & Wrzesniewski, A. (2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and review. Research in organizational behavior, 30, 91 – 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2010.09.001 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5 – 12 (BETA). Journal of statistical software, 48 (2), 1 – 36. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 68 – 78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ryan, R. M., Huta, V. & Deci, E. L. (2008). Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9 (1), 139 – 170. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5702-8_7 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Seligman, M. (2009). Der Glücks-Faktor. Warum Optimisten länger leben. Bergisch-Gladbach: Bastei Lübbe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: a visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Policy, 27 (3), 1 – 60. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Semmer, N. & Udris, I. (2004). Bedeutung und Wirkung von Arbeit. In H. Schuler (Hrsg.), Lehrbuch Organisationspsychologie (S. 157 – 196). Bern: Huber. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Seresinhe, C. I., Preis, T., MacKerron, G. & Moat, H. S. (2019). Happiness is greater in more scenic locations. Scientific reports, 9 (1), 4498 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40854-6 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Singh, S. & Aggarwal, Y. (2018). Happiness at work scale: Construction and psychometric validation of a measure using mixed method approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 1439 – 1463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9882-x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sparr, J. L. & Sonnentag, S. (2008). Feedback environment and well-being at work: The mediating role of personal control and feelings of helplessness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17, 388 – 412. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320802077146 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stevens, J. P. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th ed.). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1996). Grounded Theory: Grundlagen qualitativer Sozialforschung. Weinheim: Beltz PVU. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Su, R., Tay, L. & Diener, E. (2014). The development and validation of the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT) and the Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT). Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 6, 251 – 279. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12027 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Tims, M., Bakker, A. B. & Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of vocational behavior, 80, 173 – 186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ulich, E. & Wülser, M. (2012). Gesundheitsmanagement in Unternehmen. Arbeitspsychologische Perspektiven. Wiesbaden: SpringerGabler. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Veenhoven, R. & Ansén, R. (2011). Glück als subjektives Wohlbefinden. Lehren aus der empirischen Forschung. In D. ThomäC. HenningO. Mitscherlich-Schönherr (Hrsg.), Glück: Ein interdisziplinäres Handbuch (S. 396 – 404). Stuttgart: Metzler. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Volmer, J., Spurk, D. & Niessen, C. (2012). Leader–member exchange (LMX), job autonomy, and creative work involvement. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 456 – 465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.10.005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wise, S. (2014). Can a team have too much cohesion? The dark side to network density. European Management Journal, 32, 703 – 711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.12.005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Yuan, K.-H. & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Robust mean and covariance structure analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 51 (1), 63 – 88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1998.tb00667.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar