Abstract
Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen irrationalen Kognitionen, emotionalen Kompetenzen aus dem Kontext emotionaler Intelligenz sowie Lebens- und Arbeitszufriedenheit wird aus Perspektive der Rational-Emotiven Verhaltenstherapie (REVT; Ellis, 1962, 1994) untersucht. Diese postuliert, dass rationale besser als irrationale Kognitionen zur Bewältigung emotionsrelevanter Situationen sowie zur Emotionskontrolle geeignet sind und somit als eine Determinante emotionaler Intelligenz und Zufriedenheit am Arbeitsplatz anzusehen sind. Zwei Untersuchungen prüfen, ob Irrationalität invers mit emotionaler Intelligenz korreliert und wie beide Konstrukte mit Lebens- und Arbeitszufriedenheit verbunden sind. Studie 1 (N = 136) bestätigt an Studierenden die inverse Beziehung zwischen irrationalen Kognitionen und emotionalen Kompetenzen auf Basis von Selbsteinschätzungsskalen. Studie 2 (N = 115) repliziert dies an Vollzeitberufstätigen. Auch belegen beide Studien, dass emotionale Kompetenzen und in stärkerer Weise rationale Einstellungen mit erhöhter individueller Arbeits- und Lebenszufriedenheit verbunden sind. Dies spricht dafür, irrationales Denken als kognitive Variable im Kontext emotionaler Kompetenzen in der Personalforschung zu berücksichtigen.
Abstract The relationship between irrational cognitions, emotional competences within the context of emotional intelligence, together with life and work satisfaction is investigated from the perspective of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT; Ellis, 1962, 1994). This theory argues that rational, in comparison to irrational, cognitions are better suited for dealing with emotionally charged situations as well as for emotional control and can thus be seen as antecedents of emotional intelligence and work satisfaction. Two studies test whether irrationality is negatively associated with emotional intelligence and how both constructs are related to life and work satisfaction. Study 1 (N = 136) confirms an inverse relation between irrationality and emotional competences based on self-assessment scales using a student sample. Study 2 (N = 115) replicates this result with fulltime employees as participants. Moreover, both studies provide evidence that emotional competences and to a higher extent rational cognitions are associated with increased levels of individual work and life satisfaction. These results indicate that irrational beliefs, as a cognitive factor within the context of emotional competences, should be considered in personnel psychological research.
Literatur
(2002). Executive coaching and REBT: Some comments from the field. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 20, 223– 233.
(2006). Research on emotion in organizations (Vol. 2): Individual and organizational perspectives on emotion management and display. Oxford: Elsevier.
(2000). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Competence Inventory. In R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace (pp. 343–362). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
(1991). Effect of rational and irrational beliefs on intensity and,inappropriateness’ of feelings: A test of rational-emotive theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 319– 329
(2004). Relationships between dysfunctional beliefs and positive and negative indices of well-being: A critical evaluation of the common beliefs survey-III. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 22, 171– 188
(2002). Another search for the „hot” cognitions: Appraisal, irrational beliefs, attributions, and their relation to emotion. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 20, 93– 131
(2004). Functional and dysfunctional feelings in Ellis’ cognitive theory of emotion: An empirical analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 869– 880
(1998). Emotional intelligence: In search of an elusive construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 989– 1015.
(1994). A rational-emotive model of organizational consultation. In M. E. Bernard & R. DiGiuseppe (Eds.), Rational-emotive consultation in applied settings (pp. 187–202). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
(1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71– 75.
(2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403– 425
(2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665– 697
(1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy . New York: Lyle Stuart.
(1972). Executive Leadership: A rational-emotive approach. New York: Institute of Rational Living.
(1994). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy (Rev. ed.). New York: Carol Publishing Group.
(1993). Are inappropriate or dysfunctional feelings in rational-emotive therapy qualitative or quantitative? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 471– 477
(1993). Efficacy of rational-emotive therapy: A quantitative analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 6, 1083– 1090
(1991). Dimensions of perfectionism and irrational thinking. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 9, 185– 201
(1984). Importance, causal attributions and the emotion of anger. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 192, 425– 432
(1985a). Attributional retraining: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 495– 512.
(1985b). Rational-emotive therapy and attribution theory: An investigation of the cognitive determinants of emotions. British Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1, 41– 51
(2003). Attributional veridicality and evaluative beliefs: How do they contribute to depression? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 369– 392
(2000). Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations, 53, 1027– 1055
(2005). Is the mind irrational or ecologically rational? In F. Parisi & V. L. Smith (Eds.), The law and economics of irrational behavior (pp. 37–67). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
(1998). Working with emotional intelligence . New York: Bantam.
(1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271– 299
(2002). Intelligenz: allgemein oder domain-spezifisch? Kommentar. Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie, 1, 179– 180
(2003). Peer responses to a team’s weakest link: A test and extension of LePine and van Dyne’s model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 459– 475
(2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 376– 407
(2003). Bewältigungsverhalten als eignungsrelevantes Merkmal bei Existenzgründern: Ergebnisse einer Längsschnittstudie. Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie, 2, 107– 117
(1989). Fragebogen Irrationaler Einstellungen (FIE) . Göttingen: Hogrefe.
(1992). A cognitive perspective on organizational change. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 6, 277– 294
(2002). Police officer job satisfaction in relation to mood, well-being, and alcohol consumption. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 136, 307– 318
(2002). Zur emotionalen Reaktion bei Fehlern in der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 46, 185– 200
(2004). The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 483– 496
(1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137– 155.
(2002). Die affektive Bindung an das Unternehmen: Psychometrische Überprüfung einer deutschsprachigen Fassung des Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) von Porter und Smith. (1970). Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 46, 126– 136.
(2004). Seven myths about emotional intelligence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 179– 196
(2002). Emotional intelligence: Science and myth. Cambridge: MIT Press.
(1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17, 433– 442
(2003). Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCEIT V2.0. Emotion, 3, 97– 105
(2004). Linking work events, affective states and attitudes: An empirical study of managers’ emotions. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 221– 240
(2000). Why is this happening? A causal attribution approach to work exhaustion consequences. Academy of Management Review, 25, 335– 349
(1977). Irrational beliefs in depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 1190– 1191
(1993). Rational-emotive therapy at work. Stress News, 5, 7– 10
(2006). Beanspruchungswirkungen von Selbstkontrollanforderungen und Kontrollmöglichkeiten bei der Arbeit. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 214, 150– 160
(1998). Leader attributions for subordinate performance: Consequences for subsequent leader interactive behaviors and ratings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1125– 1139
(1988). Cognitive career counseling for women. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 6, 50– 65
(1992). Working together: Belief systems of individuals and organizations. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 6, 231– 244
(1985). A rational-emotive approach to understanding and treating burnout. Journal of Rational-Emotive Therapy, 3, 55– 64
(2002). Emotional competence inventory (ECI). Technical manual. Boston: Hay Group.
(2000). Current directions in emotional intelligence research. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 504–520). New York: Guilford Press.
(1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379– 399
(2001). Flow-Erleben in Arbeit und Freizeit. Eine Untersuchung zum „Paradox der Arbeit” mit der Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 45, 176– 187
(1999). On the sequential nature of appraisal processes: Indirect evidence from a recognition task. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 763– 793
(2002). Emotionale Intelligenz – ein irreführender und unnötiger Begriff. Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie, 3, 138– 140
(2003). Emotionale Intelligenz: Die Tücken eines Trends. Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie, 2, 26– 28
(2007). The process of emotion inference. Emotion, 7, 1– 20
(1982). Trends in counselling and psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 37, 802– 809
(2007). Which thoughts can kill a boxer? Naïve theories about cognitive and emotional antecedents of suicide. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 80, 497– 512
(1997). Psychologische Testverfahren in der Praxis. Ergebnisse einer Umfrage unter Testanwendern. Diagnostica, 43, 267– 284
(1989). Job and life satisfaction: A reevaluation of the strength of the relationship and gender effects as a function of the date of the study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 502– 507
(2002). Emotionen bei der Büroarbeit am PC: Ein Test der „affective events”-Theorie. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 46, 173– 184.
(1995). Judgments of responsibility: A foundation for a theory of social conduct. New York: Guilford.
(1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1– 74
(1987). Reductions in Type A behavior, anxiety, anger, and physical illness as related to changes in irrational beliefs: Results of a demonstration project in industry. Journal of Rational-Emotive Therapy, 5, 213– 237
(2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243– 274.
(2001). Relation of irrational thinking and the pessimistic explanatory style. Psychological Reports 88, 483– 488
