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Themenschwerpunkt / Special Topic

Zur Messung von Übungs- und Trainingserfolg auf der Grundlage von EEG-Parametern

*Friedhart Klix zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet

On Measuring the Effect of Practice and Training on the Basis of EEG Parameters

Published Online:September 01, 2006https://doi.org/10.1024//1010-0652.13.12.60

Abstract

Zusammenfassung: Übung bzw. Training reduziert im allgemeinen die Bearbeitungszeit zur Lösung eines Problems. Diese Zeiteinsparung wird oft auf eine Verringerung kontrollierter Prozesse zugunsten automatisierter Teilprozesse zurückgeführt. Doch welche Prozeßeigenschaften zeigen einen solchen Lerneffekt an? Einen möglichen Weg zur Beantwortung dieser Frage sehen wir in der Analyse prozeßbegleitender funktionaler Kooperationen zwischen Hirnregionen und ihrer Veränderung durch Übung. In 2 EEG-Studien wird die Annahme getroffen, daß sich hoher kognitiver Aufwand für Kontroll- und Steuerprozesse im Arbeitsgedächtnis in besonders starken Synchronisationen zwischen Regionen des Frontal- und des Parietalbereiches widerspiegelt. Die Erwartung, daß eine Aufwandsreduktion durch Übung mit einer Verringerung solcher Synchronisationen einhergeht, ließ sich auf der Basis einer EEG-Kohärenzanalyse empirisch bestätigen. Gleichzeitig mit einer Verringerung der Stärke dieser interregionalen Synchronisation wurde eine Erhöhung der Stärke der lokalen Synchronisation in parietalen Bereichen gefunden. Das könnte dahingehend interpretiert werden, daß der durch Übung teilweise automatisierte Lösungsprozeß mehr und mehr in parietalen Regionen stattfindet und damit die Exekutive von ihrer Kontrollfunktion entlastet wird.


Summary: Repeated practice on cognitive tasks is known to reduce the processing time required for successful task completion, and this gain in processing speed has often been attributed to task performance becoming automated during the course of practice. It is unclear, however, what processing parameters indicate changes from controlled to more automatic processing. One promising way to answer this question is to look for functional couplings of subsystems during task performance before and after practice. It was hypothesized that the mental effort for controlled processes in working memory will be indicated by strong synchronization between frontal and parietal brain areas, and that it will be reduced over the course of practice. In 2 experiments, EEG coherence was used to assess synchronization. As expected, there was a decrease of interregional synchronization between frontal and parietal areas as a function of practica. Against this, specific parietal areas exhibited strong synchronization at the end of practice. This suggests that the automatization of task performance over the course of practice involves a shift of processing from frontal to posterior cortical areas, increasingly releasing the central executive from its controlling function.

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