Die Rolle von Absichten bei der automatischen Verarbeitung visuell-räumlicher Reizinformation
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Wird visuell-räumliche Reizinformation automatisch verarbeitet? Psychologische Experimente scheinen das zu belegen. Reize, die plötzlich am Rand des Blickfelds erscheinen, ziehen die Aufmerksamkeit unwillkürlich auf den Ort ihres Erscheinens, selbst dann, wenn wir einen anderen Ort beachten wollen. Und Reizpositionen aktivieren Reaktionen, obwohl die Positionen “irrelevant“ sind. In einer Reihe von Arbeiten konnte allerdings nachgewiesen werden, dass diese Effekte in erheblichem Maß auf Absichten beruhen: Plötzlich erscheinende Reize ziehen die Aufmerksamkeit vor allem bei hoher Passung zwischen Suchabsichten und irrelevanten Reizen (oder Reizmerkmalen) an, und Reizpositionen aktivieren Reaktionen, wenn die Probanden die entsprechende räumliche Information benutzen, um zwischen Reaktionsalternativen zu unterscheiden. Was als automatische Verarbeitung erscheint, könnte daher auf einem allgemeineren Verarbeitungsprinzip beruhen: einer Passung der Merkmale vermeintlich irrelevanter Reize zu den willentlich ausgewählten Kriterien für die Verarbeitung relevanter Merkmale.
Abstract. Do we process visuospatial stimulus information in an automatic manner? Psychological experiments seem to support this assumption. Abruptly onsetting stimuli in the periphery of the visual field grab our attention even if we want to attend to another position. And stimulus position activates a response, although this position information is “irrelevant”. However, a number of studies did show that these effects depend to a large extent on our intentions: Abrupt-onset stimuli capture attention mainly in those situations in which there is a good match between the search criteria of the participants and the irrelevant stimuli (or features), and response activation by stimulus position is based on the necessity to spatially discriminate between alternative responses. Thus, what appears to be automatic processing might reflect a more fundamental principle: the match of the features of the seemingly irrelevant stimuli to the intentionally selected processing criteria directed to the relevant features.
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