Freiwilliges Arbeitsengagement
Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven für eine theoretische Integration
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Freiwilliges Arbeitsengagement hat sich nach fast 50-jähriger Forschungsarbeit in der organisationspsychologischen Forschung zur beruflichen Leistung als bedeutsames Kriterium neben der aufgabenbezogenen Leistung etabliert. Übertragungen des Konzeptes auf andere Anwendungsbereiche sind bislang jedoch nur spärlich und größtenteils fragmentarisch erfolgt. In diesem Beitrag wird nach der Diskussion bisheriger Konzeptionen ein Ansatz vorgestellt, der die Vielzahl von Konzeptionen in diesem Feld (z.B. Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Contextual Performance, Extra-Rollenverhalten, Prosoziales organisationales Verhalten, Citizenship Performance) integriert. Erstmals werden die bislang häufig vernachlässigten konstruktiv-kritischen Formen freiwilligen Arbeitsengagements systematisch in einen übergreifenden Ansatz eingegliedert und es wird eine umfassende facettentheoretische Definition erarbeitet. Schließlich wird die Übertragung des Konzeptes freiwilligen Arbeitsengagements auf andere als klassische organisationspsychologische Anwendungsbereiche aufgezeigt, um seine Bedeutung als übergreifendes Rahmenkonzept darzustellen. Die Integration von Forschungsergebnissen zu entsprechenden Verhaltensweisen aus verschiedensten Kontexten (d.h. nicht nur am Arbeitsplatz, sondern auch in Schulen, Sportvereinen etc.) in einem gemeinsamen Rahmenkonzept eröffnet die Möglichkeit, Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede, z.B. bzgl. Häufigkeiten, Prädiktoren und der relativen Bedeutsamkeit der unterschiedlichen Formen freiwilligen Engagements in unterschiedlichen Kontexten zu untersuchen.
Abstract. After nearly 50 years of research, citizenship performance has been established as a relevant criterion alongside task performance in performance research in organizational psychology. Research transferring this concept to other fields of application is sparse and for the most part has only done so fragmentarily. After the discussion of prior conceptualizations, our article introduces an approach which integrates the various conceptualizations in this field (e.g., organizational citizenship behavior, contextual performance, extra-role behavior, prosocial organizational behavior). For the first time, challenging citizenship behaviors that have to date often been neglected are systematically incorporated into an integrative framework and a comprehensive facet theoretical definition is developed. Finally, the citizenship performance concept is transferred to applied contexts other than classic organizational psychology to demonstrate its relevance as an overall framework. Integrating findings concerning these behaviors from diverse contexts (i.e., not only at the workplace but also at schools, sports clubs, etc.) into a common framework allows analyses of similarities and differences, e.g., concerning frequencies, predictors, and the relative importance of the different forms of citizenship performance in varying contexts.
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