The Portuguese Version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
Abstract
Summary: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a depression scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The authors developed a Portuguese version of this scale. This article presents the results of the three studies carried out with this version. These results support the reliability and the validity of the scale. The CES-D proved to be sensitive to variations in the intensity of depressive symptomatology and can be used in epidemiological studies or as a screening instrument in a clinical setting. Sex does have some influence on the values of sensitivity and specificity but the educational level has a greater influence on scores: Subjects with a lower education level tend to obtain higher scores with the same level of depressive symptomatology as evaluated by the clinical interview.
References
Berndt, D. (1990). Inventories and scales. In B. Wolman & G. Stricker (Eds.), Depressive disorders, facts, theories, and treatment methods (pp. 255-274). New York: WileyCheung, C. Bagley, C. (1998). Validating an American scale in Hong-Kong: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D). Journal of Psychology, 132, 169– 186Comstock, G. Helsing, K. (1976). Symptoms of depression in two communities. Psychological Medicine, 6, 551– 563Coyne, J. (1994). Self-reported distress: Analog or ersatz depression?. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 29– 45Enzmann, D. (1997). RanEigen: A program to determine the parallel analysis criterion for the number of principal components. Applied Psychological Measurement, 21, 232–Fagulha, T. Duarte, M.E. Miranda, M.J. (2000). A “qualidade de vida”: Uma nova dimensão psicológica?. ‘“Quality of life”: A new psychological dimension?] Psychologica, 25, 5– 17First, M.B. Spitzer, R.L. Gibbon, M. Williams, J.B.W. (1997). User's guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders - Clinician version (SCID-CV) . Washington, DC: American Psychiatric AssociationFrish, M.B. (1994). Manual and treatment guide for the Quality of Life Inventory . Minneapolis: National Computer SystemsFuhrer, R. Rouillon, F. (1989). La version française de l'échelle CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression scale): Description et traduction de l'échelle d'autoévaluation. [The French version of CES-D: Description and translation of the self-report scale] Psychiatrie and Psychobiologie, 4, 163– 166Guarnaccia, P. Angel, R. Worobey, J. (1991). The factor structure of the CES-D in the Hispanic health and nutrition examination survey: The influences of ethnicity, gender, and language. Social Science and Medicine, 29, 85– 94Hautzinger, M. (1988). Die CES-D Skala: Ein Depressionsmessinstrument für Untersuchungen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. [The CES-D scale: A depression-rating scale for research in the general population] Diagnostica, 34, 167– 173Jordão, J. (1995). A medicina general e familiar . [General and family medicine]. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of LisbonLewinsohn, P. Seeley, J. Allen, N. Roberts, R. (1997). Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12, 277– 287Posner, S. Stewart, A. Marín, G. Pérez-Stable, E. (2001). Factor variability of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) among urban latinos. Ethnicity & Health, 6, 137– 144Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385– 401Serra, A. Abreu, J. (1973). Aferição dos quadros clínicos depressivos. I. Ensaio de aplicação do “Inventário Depressivo de Beck” a uma amostra portuguesa de doentes deprimidos. [Adaptation of the depressive symptomatology. I. Practice application of the Beck Depression Inventory on a Portuguese sample of depressed patients] Coimbra Médica, 20, 623– 644Sheehan, T. Fifield, J. Reisine, S. Tennen, H. (1995). The measurement structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 507– 521Stroup-Benham, C. Lawrence, R. Trevino, F. (1992). CES-D factor structure among Mexican American and Puerto Rican women from single- and couple-headed households. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 14, 310– 326Weissman, M. Sholomskas, D. Pottenger, M. Prusoff, B. Locke, B. (1977). Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: A validation study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 106, 203– 214