Skip to main content
Original Article

More Mobile Connectedness, Less Well-Being?

Examining How Multiplatform Mobile Connectedness Affects Negative Well-Being Through FoMO and Leisure Boredom

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000388

Abstract: The rise of mobile technology and social media has created a fragmented and interconnected social media landscape. Drawing from the concept of polymedia and media repertoire, this study paints social media as an integrated environment and introduces the concept of multiplatform mobile connectedness (MMC) as a representation of an individual’s curative social media repertoire, shaped by meanings attributed to each mobile media platform. By examining its relationship with negative well-being, this study contributes to the debate on the displacement or reinforcement hypothesis of mobile media in an integrated environment. Focusing on emerging adulthoods in China, this study reveals that MMC is associated with higher negative well-being through fear of missing out (FoMO) and leisure boredom. This finding offers a new perspective from MMC on the impact of mobile media on well-being.

References

  • Arikewuyo, A. O., Efe-Özad, B., Dambo, T. H., Abdulbaqi, S. S., & Arikewuyo, H. O. (2020). An examination of how multiple use of social media platforms influence romantic relationships. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2240 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Arnett, J. J., Zukauskiene, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Aurora Mobile. (2021). 极光:2021年Q3移动互联网行业数据研究报告 [Q3 2021 mobile Internet industry data research report]. https://new.qq.com/omn/20211026/20211026A07UE200.html First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Auxier, B., & Anderson, M. (2021, April 7). Social media use in 2021. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/04/07/social-media-use-in-2021/ First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Barkley, J. E., & Lepp, A. (2021). The effects of smartphone facilitated social media use, treadmill walking, and schoolwork on boredom in college students: Results of a within subjects, controlled experiment. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, Article 106555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106555 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C.-P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. SOCIOL Methods and Research, 16(1), 78–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boase, J. (2008). Personal networks and the personal communication system: Using multiple media to connect. Information, Communication & Society, 11(4), 490–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180801999001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boczkowski, P. J., Matassi, M., & Mitchelstein, E. (2018). How young users deal with multiple platforms: The role of meaning-making in social media repertoires. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 23(5), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmy012 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Brinberg, M., Ram, N., Yang, X., Cho, M.-J., Sundar, S. S., Robinson, T. N., & Reeves, B. (2021). The idiosyncrasies of everyday digital lives: Using the Human Screenome Project to study user behavior on smartphones. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, Article 106570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106570 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Brissett, D., & Snow, R. P. (1993). Boredom: Where the future isn’t. Symbolic Interaction, 16(3), 237–256. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.1993.16.3.237 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Chan, M., & Li, X. (2020). Smartphones and psychological well-being in China: Examining direct and indirect relationships through social support and relationship satisfaction. Telematics and Informatics, 54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101469 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Chansiri, K., & Wongphothiphan, T. (2021). The indirect effects of Instagram images on women’s self-esteem: The moderating roles of BMI and perceived weight. New Media & Society, 14614448211029975. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211029975 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Chen, Q., & Yan, Z. (2016). Does multitasking with mobile phones affect learning? A review. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.047 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Chin, A., Markey, A., Bhargava, S., Kassam, K. S., & Loewenstein, G. (2017). Bored in the USA: Experience sampling and boredom in everyday life. Emotion, 17(2), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000232 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • China Internet Network Information Center. (2017). Report on social media user activities in China 2016. http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/sqbg/201712/P020180103485975797840.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Davis, K. (2012). Friendship 2.0: Adolescents’ experiences of belonging and self-disclosure online. Journal of Adolescence, 35(6), 1527–1536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.013 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dekker, R., Engbersen, G., Klaver, J., & Vonk, H. (2018). Smart refugees: How Syrian asylum migrants use social media information in migration decision-making. Social Media + Society, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118764 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Deng, T., Kanthawala, S., Meng, J. B., Peng, W., Kononova, A., Hao, Q., Zhang, Q. H., & David, P. (2019). Measuring smartphone usage and task switching with log tracking and self-reports. Mobile Media & Communication, 7(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918761491 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(5), 1105–1117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.1105 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dienlin, T., Masur, P. K., & Trepte, S. (2017). Reinforcement or displacement? The reciprocity of FtF, IM, and SNS communication and their effects on loneliness and life satisfaction. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(2), 71–87. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Elhai, J. D., Vasquez, J. K., Lustgarten, S. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2018). Proneness to boredom mediates relationships between problematic smartphone use with depression and anxiety severity. Social Science Computer Review, 36(6), 707–720. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317741087 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R. (2003). Key concepts. Readings and cases in international management: A cross-cultural perspective, 151. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hall, J. A., & Liu, D. (2022). Social media use, social displacement, and well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 46, Article 101339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101339 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hardy, B. W., & Castonguay, J. (2018). The moderating role of age in the relationship between social media use and mental well-being: An analysis of the 2016 General Social Survey. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 282–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.005 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling – A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys – Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504268574 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ito, M. (2013). Hanging out, messing around, and geeking out: Kids living and learning with new media. The MIT Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Johannes, N., Dienlin, T., Bakhshi, H., & Przybylski, A. K. (2022). No effect of different types of media on well-being. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 61. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03218-7 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Karlson, A. K., Iqbal, S. T., Meyers, B., Ramos, G., Lee, K., & Tang, J. C. (2010). Mobile taskflow in context: A screenshot study of smartphone usage. In R. GrinterT. RoddenP. AokiE. CutrellR. JeffriesG. OlsonEds., Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2009–2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753631 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2019). A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kim, S. J. (2016). A repertoire approach to cross-platform media use behavior. New Media & Society, 18(3), 353–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814543162 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lang, A. (2000). The limited capacity model of mediated message processing. Journal of Communication, 50(1), 46–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02833.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Li, J. (2017). Motivations and experiential outcomes associated with leisure time cell phone use: Results from two independent studies. Leisure Sciences, 39(2), 144–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2016.1160807 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Leung, L. (2020). Exploring the relationship between smartphone activities, flow experience, and boredom in free time. Computers in Human Behavior, 103, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.030 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Liu, C., & Ma, J. L. (2020). Social support through online social networking sites and addiction among college students: The mediating roles of fear of missing out and problematic smartphone use. Current Psychology, 39(6), 1892–1899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0075-5 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lucas, R. E., & Diener, E. (2008). Personality and subjective well-being. In O. P. JohnR. W. RobinsL. A. PervinEds., Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 795–814). The Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Madianou, M. (2014). Smartphones as polymedia. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(3), 667–680. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Marengo, D., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2020). One social media company to rule them all: Associations between use of Facebook-owned social media platforms, Sociodemographic characteristics, and the Big Five personality traits. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 936. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00936 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Montgomery, M. J. (2005). Psychosocial intimacy and identity: From early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(3), 346–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558404273118 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Park, C. S. (2019). Does too much news on social media discourage news seeking? Mediating role of news efficacy between perceived news overload and news avoidance on social media. Social Media + Society, 5(3), 2056305119872956. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119872956 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pew Research Center. (2021). Social media fact sheet. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/ First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Poels, K., Rudnicki, K., & Vandebosch, H. (2022). The media psychology of boredom and mobile media use. Journal of Media Psychology, 34(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000340 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., & James, A. E. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among US young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2017). A large-scale test of the goldilocks hypothesis: Quantifying the relations between digital-screen use and the mental well-being of adolescents. Psychological Science, 28(2), 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616678438 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rahman, Z., Moghavvemmi, S., Suberamanaian, K., Zanuddin, H., & Nasir, H. N. B. (2018). Mediating impact of fan-page engagement on social media connectedness and followers purchase intention. Online Information Review, 42(7), 1082–1105. https://doi.org/10.1108/Oir-05-2017-0150 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sagioglou, C., & Greitemeyer, T. (2014). Facebook’s emotional consequences: Why Facebook causes a decrease in mood and why people still use it. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 359–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.003 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Statista. (2023). Worldwide digital population 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/ First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Tandoc, J., Edson, C., Lou, C., & Min, V. L. H. (2019). Platform-swinging in a poly-social-media context: How and why users navigate multiple social media platforms. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 24(1), 21–35. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tandon, A., Dhir, A., Almugren, I., AlNemer, G. N., & Mäntymäki, M. (2021). Fear of missing out (FoMO) among social media users: A systematic literature review, synthesis and framework for future research. Internet Research, 31(3), 782–821. https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-11-2019-0455 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Thorson, K., & Wells, C. (2016). Curated flows: A framework for mapping media exposure in the digital age. Communication Theory, 26(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12087 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Twenge, J. M., Haidt, J., Blake, A. B., McAllister, C., Lemon, H., & Le Roy, A. (2021). Worldwide increases in adolescent loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 93(1), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.06.006 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). The effects of instant messaging on the quality of adolescents’ existing friendships: A longitudinal study. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 79–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01405.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Vannucci, A., Ohannessian, C. M., & Gagnon, S. (2019). Use of multiple social media platforms in relation to psychological functioning in emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 7(6), 501–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696818782309 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Webster, J. G. (2011). The duality of media: A structurational theory of public attention. Communication Theory, 21(1), 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01375.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Webster, J. G., & Ksiazek, T. B. (2012). The dynamics of audience fragmentation: Public attention in an age of digital media. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01616.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Weideinger, D., McClelland, A., & Furnham, A. (2021). The effectiveness of “fear of missing out” inducing content in Facebook advertisements. Psychology, 12(5), 829–842. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2021.125051 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Westgate, E. C. (2020). Why boredom is interesting. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419884309 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wu-Ouyang, B. (2022). Are smartphones addictive? Examining the cognitive-behavior model of motivations, leisure boredom, extended self, and fear of missing out on possible smartphone addiction. Telematics and Informatics, 71, Article 101834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101834 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wu-Ouyang, B., & Chan, M. (2022). Overestimating or underestimating communication findings? Comparing self-reported with log mobile data by data donation method. Mobile Media & Communication, https://doi.org/10.1177/20501579221137162 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wu-Ouyang, B., & Hu, Y. (2022). The effects of pandemic-related fear on social connectedness through social media use and self-disclosure. Journal of Media Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000347 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zell, A. L., & Moeller, L. (2018). Are you happy for me… on Facebook? The potential importance of “likes” and comments. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.050 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar