Skip to main content
Original Article

Agreeable Supervisors Promoting the Organization – Implications for Employee Commitment and Retention

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000318

Abstract. Through two studies, we examine the importance of supervisor promotion of the organization (SPO) for employee commitment and retention. Study 1 (N = 910) found SPO to be distinguishable from supervisor’s organizational embodiment, perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational support, and supervisor vision and to interact with perceived supervisor agreeableness to predict employee affective commitment. Using time-lagged data, Study 2 (N = 272) found SPO to be indirectly related to turnover via employee affective commitment and this relation to be stronger at high perceived supervisor agreeableness. These findings indicate that SPO can help reduce employee turnover but that organizations would be well advised to encourage supervisors to act agreeably with subordinates or hire and promote supervisors who do so.

References

  • Ashforth, B. E., Myers, K. K., & Sluss, D. M. (2012). Socialization perspectives and positive organizational scholarship. In K. S. CameronG. M. Spreitzer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship (pp. 537–551). Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734610.013.0040 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Li, N. (2013). The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), 132–153. 10.5465/amr.2010.0479 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bentein, K., Vandenberghe, C., Vandenberg, R., & Stinglhamber, F. (2005). The role of change in the relationship between commitment and turnover: A latent growth modeling approach. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 468–482. 10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.468 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Biswas, M. K., & Suar, D. (2016). Antecedents and consequences of employer branding. Journal of Business Ethics, 136(1), 57–72. 10.1007/s10551-014-2502-3 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2004). Personality and transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 901–910. 10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.901 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boukis, A., & Christodoulides, G. (2020). Investigating key antecedents and outcomes of employee-based brand equity. European Management Review, 17(1), 41–55. 10.1111/emre.12327 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cardy, R. L., & Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (2011). Will they stay or will they go? Exploring a customer-oriented approach to employee retention. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(2), 213–217. 10.1007/s10869-011-9223-8 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cardy, R. L., Miller, J. S., & Ellis, A. D. (2007). Employee equity: Toward a person-based approach to HRM. Human Resource Management Review, 17(2), 140–151. 10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.03.006 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Choi, J., & Chen, C. C. (2007). The relationships of distributive justice and compensation system fairness to employee attitudes in international joint ventures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(6), 687–703. 10.1002/job.438 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41(1), 417–440. 10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dulebohn, J. H., Bommer, W. H., Liden, R. C., Brouer, R. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2012). A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange: Integrating the past with an eye toward the future. Journal of Management, 38(6), 1715–1759. 10.1177/0149206311415280 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500–507. 10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Eisenberger, R., Karagonlar, G., Stinglhamber, F., Neves, P., Becker, T. E., Gonzalez-Morales, M. G., & Steiger-Mueller, M. (2010). Leader-member exchange and affective organizational commitment: The contribution of supervisor’s organizational embodiment. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(6), 1085–1103. 10.1037/a0020858 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., & Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 565–573. 10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.565 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Grant, A. M., Dutton, J. E., & Rosso, B. D. (2008). Giving commitment: Employee support programs and the prosocial sensemaking process. Academy of Management Journal, 51(5), 898–918. 10.5465/AMJ.2008.34789652 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Heggestad, E. D., Scheaf, D. J., Banks, G. C., Monroe Hausfeld, M., Tonidandel, S., & Williams, E. B. (2019). Scale adaptation in organizational science research: A review and best-practice recommendations. Journal of Management, 45(6), 2596–2627. 10.1177/0149206319850280 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hinkin, T. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104–121. 10.1177/109442819800100106 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hogan, J., & Holland, B. (2003). Using theory to evaluate personality and job-performance relations: A socioanalytic perspective. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 100–112. 10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.100 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The Big Five Inventory-Versions 4a and 54. University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research, CA. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed.). Wiley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Klein, H. J., Becker, T. E., & Meyer, J. P. (2009). Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions. Taylor & Francis. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lievens, F., & Slaughter, J. E. (2016). Employer image and employer branding: What we know and what we need to know. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3(1), 407–440. 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062501 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K., & Schoemann, A. M. (2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn't be one. Psychological Methods, 18(3), 285–300. 10.1037/a0033266 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • McAbee, S. T., & Connelly, B. S. (2016). A multi-rater framework for studying personality: The trait-reputation-identity model. Psychological Review, 123(5), 569–591. 10.1037/rev0000035 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538–551. 10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Vandenberghe, C. (2004). Employee commitment and motivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative model. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 991–1007. 10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.991 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11(3), 299–326. 10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00053-X First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Meyer, J. P., Morin, A. J. S., Rousseau, V., Boudrias, J. S., & Brunelle, E. (2021). Profiles of global and target-specific work commitments: Why compatibility is better and how to achieve it. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 128, 103588. 10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103588 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20–52. 10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Miller, M. D., & Levine, T. R. (2014). Persuasion. In D. W. Stacks, M. B. Salwen, & K. C. Eichhorn (Eds.), An integrated approach to communication theory and research (pp. 259–273). Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Oh, I.-S., Wang, G., & Mount, M. K. (2011). Validity of observer ratings of the five-factor model of personality traits: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 762–773. 10.1037/a0021832 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107–142. 10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Promote. (2022). In Oxford’s Lexico dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.lexico.com/definition/promote First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Richardson, H., Simmering, M., & Sturman, M. (2009). A tale of three perspectives: Examining post hoc statistical techniques for detection and correction of common method variance. Organizational Research Methods, 12(4), 762–800. 10.1177/1094428109332834 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Shwartz, S. H., & Knafo, A. (2002). The Big Five personality factors and personal values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 789–801. 10.1177/0146167202289008 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rönkkö, M., & Cho, E. (2022). An updated guideline for assessing discriminant validity. Organizational Research Methods, 25(1), 6–14. 10.1177/1094428120968614 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(2), 224–253. 10.2307/2392563 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sardeshmukh, S. R., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2017). Integrating moderation and mediation: A structural equation modeling approach. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 721–745. 10.1177/1094428115621609 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sparrowe, R. T., & Liden, R. C. (2005). Two routes to influence: Integrating leader–member exchange and social network perspectives. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(4), 505–535. 10.2189/asqu.50.4.505 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Theurer, C. P., Tumasjan, A., Welpe, I. M., & Lievens, F. (2018). Employer branding: A brand equity-based literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(1), 155–179. 10.1111/ijmr.12121 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tonidandel, S., & LeBreton, J. M. (2015). RWA Web: A free, comprehensive, web-based, and user-friendly tool for relative weight analyses. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(2), 207–216. 10.1007/s10869-014-9351-z First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Venus, M., Stam, D., & van Knippenberg, D. (2019). Visions of change as visions of continuity. Academy of Management Journal, 62(3), 667–690. 10.5465/amj.2015.1196 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Yu, Q., Yen, D. A., Barnes, B. R., & Huang, Y. A. (2019). Enhancing firm performance through internal market orientation and employee organizational commitment. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(6), 964–987. 10.1080/09585192.2017.1380059 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zickar, M. J. (2020). Measurement development and evaluation. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7(1), 213–232. 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044957 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zimmerman, R. D., Boswell, W. R., Shipp, A. J., Dunford, B. B., & Boudreau, J. W. (2012). Explaining the pathways between approach-avoidance personality traits and employees’ job search behavior. Journal of Management, 38(8), 1450–1475. 10.1177/0149206310396376 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar