“Typisch Beamter?”
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Die Autoren unterscheiden zwei Arten von Assoziationen zu einer Fremdgruppe. Als personale Assoziationen bezeichnen sie individuelles Wissen und individuelle Bewertungen einer Fremdgruppe. Demgegenüber bezeichnen sie das Wissen über Bewertungen in ihrer sozialen Umwelt als extrapersonale Assoziationen. Sie gehen davon aus, dass die Nutzung dieser Assoziationen bei der Beurteilung einer Person unter anderem von der Typikalität des zu beurteilenden Exemplars und der Selbstkategorisierung des Urteilers abhängt. Die Ergebnisse des durchgeführten Experiments stützen diese Annahme und stehen im Einklang zu dem Modell, dass die Typikalität eines Exemplars zu einer verstärkten Nutzung von sowohl personalen wie auch extrapersonalen Assoziationen führt, während die Selbstkategorisierung auf einer kollektiven Ebene die Nutzung personaler Assoziationen schwächt. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund der Selbstkategorisierungstheorie diskutiert.
Abstract: The authors distinguish between personal and extrapersonal associations with an out-group. Personal associations are related to individual knowledge and individual evaluations of an out-group, whereas extrapersonal associations contain the knowledge about the evaluation of an out-group in the individual's social environment. The authors argue that the use of these associations in the judgment of an out-group target depends on the typicality of the exemplar and the self-categorization of the individual. Results of an experiment support this argumentation and are congruent to the model, that the typicality of an exemplar leads to enhanced use of personal as well as extrapersonal associations, whereas the self-categorization on a collective level weakens the influence of personal associations. The implications of this study are discussed in relation to self-categorization theory.
References
Aiken, L.S. , West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions . Newbury Park: Sage .Bless, H. , Schwarz, N. , Bodenhausen, G.V. , Thiel, L. (2001). Personalized versus generalized benefits of stereotype disconfirmation: Tradeoffs in the evaluation of atypical exemplars and social groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 386– 397 .Breakwell, G. , Canter, D.V. Eds. (1993). Empirical approaches to social representations . Oxford: Clarendon Press .Brewer, M.N. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. Srull & R. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol.1, pp.1-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum .Brewer, M.B. (1996). When stereotypes lead to stereotyping: The use of stereotypes in person perception. In C.N. Macrae, C. Stangor & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp.254-275). New York: Guilford .Burrill, D.F. (o.J.). Modeling and interpreting interactions in multiple regression . Abgerufen am 25.August 2004 von der Webseite www.minitab.com/resources/whitepapers/burril2.aspx .Cohen, J. , Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum .Devine, P.G. , Elliott, J.A. (1995). Are racial stereotypes really fading: The Princeton trilogy revisited. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1139– 1150 .Drapper, N. , Smith, H. (1981). Applied regression analysis (Revised ed.). New York: Wiley .Fiske, S.T. , Neuberg, S.L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influence of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol.23, pp.1-74). New York: Academic Press .Fiske, S.T. , Neuberg, S.L. , Beattie, A.E. , Milberg, S.J. (1987). Category-based and attribute-based reactions to others: Some informational conditions of stereotyping and individuating processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 399– 427 .Florack, A. , Bless, H. , Piontkowski, U. (2003). When do people accept cultural diversity. Affect as determinant. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 627– 640 .Florack, A. , Scarabis, M. , Bless, H. (2001a). When do associations matter?: The use of implicit associations towards ethnic groups in person judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 518– 524 .Florack, A. , Scarabis, M. , Bless, H. (2001b). Der Einfluß wahrgenommener Bedrohung auf die Nutzung automatischer Assoziationen bei der Personenbeurteilung. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 32, 249– 259 .Greenwald, A.G. , McGhee, D.E. , Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464– 1480 .Greenwald, A.G. , Nosek, B.A. , Banaji, M.R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197– 216 .Haslam, S.A. , Oakes, P.J. , Reynolds, K.J. , Turner, J.C. (1999). Social identity salience and the emergence of stereotype consensus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 809– 818 .Karpinski, A. , Hilton, J.L. (2001). Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 81, 774– 788 .Neumann, R. , Seibt, B. (2001). The structure of prejudice: associative strength as a determinant of stereotype endorsement. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 609– 620 .Nolan, M. , Haslam, S.A. , Spears, R. , Oakes, P.J. (1999). An examination of resource-based and fit-based theories of stereotyping under cognitive load and fit. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 641– 663 .Nosek, B.A. , Banaji, M.R. (2001). The Go/No-go Association Task. Social Cognition, 19, 625– 666 .Oakes, P.J. , Turner, J.C. , Haslam, S.A. (1991). Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorizations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 125– 144 .Oakes, P.J. , Haslam, S.A. , Turner, J. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality . Oxford: Blackwell .Olson, M.A. , Fazio, R.H. (2003). Relations between implicit measures of prejudice: What are we measuring. Psychological Science, 14, 636– 639 .Olson, M.A. , Fazio, R.H. (2004). Reducing the influence of extra-personal associations on the Implicit Association Test: Personalizing the IAT. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 653– 667 .Onorato, R.S. , Turner, J.C. (2004). Fluidity in the self-concept: The shift from personal to social identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 257– 278 .Reynolds, K.J. , Oakes, P.J. (2000). Variability in impression formation: Investigating the role of motivation, capacity, and the categorization process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 355– 373 .Scarabis, M. , Florack, A. , Gosejohann, S. (2004). Choice between binary alternatives: On automatic preferences in consumer choice . Manuskript unter Begutachtung .Schwarz, N. , Bless, H. (1992). Constructing reality and ist alternatives: Assimilation and contrast effects in social judgment. In L.L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgment (pp.217-245). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum .Simon, B. (1997). Self and group in modern society: Ten theses on the individual self and the collective self. In R. Spears, P.J. Oakes, N. Ellemers & S.A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp.318-335). Oxford: Blackwell .Simon, B. (2004). Identity in modern society: A social psychological perspective . Oxford: Blackwell .Smith, H.J. , Spears, R. (1996). Ability and outcome evaluations as a function of personal and collective (dis)advantage: A group escape from individual bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 690– 704 .Spears, R. , Haslam, S.A. (1997). Stereotyping and the burden of cognitive load. In R. Spears, P.J. Oakes, N. Ellemers & S.A. Haslam (Eds.), The psychology of stereotyping and group life. Oxford: Blackwell .Spears, R. , Haslam, S.A. , Jansen, R. (1999). The effects of cognitive load on social categorization in the category confusion paradigm. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 621– 639 .Tajfel, H. , Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W.G. Austin & S.Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp.33-147). Pacific Grove: Brooks & Cole .Terry, D.J. , Hogg, M.A. (1996). Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 776– 793 .Turner, J.C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of a social group. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations (pp.15-40). Cambridge: University Press .Turner, J.C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behaviour. In E.J. Lawler (Ed.), Advances in group processes (Vol.2). Greenwich: JAI .Turner, J.C. , Hogg, M. , Oakes, P.J. , Reicher, S. , Wetherell, M.S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory . Oxford: Blackwell .Turner, J.C. , Oakes, P.J. , Haslam, S.A. , McGarty, C.A. (1994). Self and collective: Cognition and social context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 454– 463 .Wellen, J.M. , Hogg, M.A. , Terry, D.J. (1998). Group norms and attitude-behavior consistency: The role of group salience and mood. Group dynamics. Theory, Research, and Practice, 2, 48– 56 .
